Page:Sm all cc.pdf/231



academic freedom, 4, 6, 7, 135, 212 accident, 21, 32, 69, 93, 115, 139, 141, 177, 178, 204
 * also see: chance

accuracy, 17, 18, 20, 25, 27, 29, 45, 102, 103, 113,
 * 114, 120, 122, 137, 146, 148, 175
 * compared to precision, 20, 103
 * definition of, 17
 * quantitative, 148-151
 * scientific value, 146, 148, 151

algebra, 7 analogy, see: comparison anthropology, 98, 126, 136, 137 applied research, see: science - applied astronomy, 1, 4, 6, 10, 44, 45, 68, 90, 98-101, 122, 151, 157, 188, 194, 208, 212 axiom, 4, 13 basic research, see: science - basic bias, 5, 17-20, 25, 34, 35, 50, 51, 91, 114, 116, 118, 120, 125-127, 129, 131, 136-143, 148, 164, 165, 207
 * removal via randomization, 19, 42, 67, 118

biology, 60, 90, 98, 139, 149, 151, 177, 178, 209 brain, 51, 132, 133, 142, 176, 177, 204 calibration, 18, 114
 * standard, 102, 112, 118, 121

career, 165, 186, 189, 195, 199, 200, 206, 210, 211 causality, 7, 13, 43, 60-64, 68, 89, 90, 94, 118, 129,
 * 136, 146, 157
 * definitions of, 60-64
 * determining cause and effect, 42, 60-67, 70, 89,
 * 120
 * scientific, 62-64

chance, 16, 19, 20, 21, 26, 30, 38, 41, 45, 46, 57, 72,
 * 84, 97, 100, 101, 108, 114, 136, 140, 147, 159,
 * 161, 171, 172, 178, 196, 206
 * also see: accident

change
 * artifical variation, 119
 * detection of, 13, 15, 37, 65, 69, 139
 * scientific, 1, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 161, 163, 164
 * also see: experiment – changes to

chemistry, 9, 45, 151, 166, 206 classification, 4, 43, 45, 55, 84, 99
 * classification statement, 75-82
 * definition of, 44
 * lumpers and splitters, 45
 * us/them, 183

comparison, 43, 44, 61, 62, 115, 148
 * analogy, 43, 44, 131, 132, 137, 156, 163, 167, 174
 * symmetry, 31, 32, 43, 80

competition, 194
 * competitive strategies, 203, 204
 * cooperation and, 202-204
 * industrial, 190

computers, 15, 34, 102, 116, 121, 122, 173, 205
 * backups, 115
 * information handling, 123
 * software proficiency, 121, 198
 * troubleshooting, 104, 105

concept, 12, 13, 136 concept map, 153-155 confidentiality, 190, 207 confirmation and refutation, 13, 94, 147, 150, 159, 160
 * confirmation bias, 209, 138, 140, 142, 145
 * conventionalism, 160
 * definition of, 13, 20
 * diagnostic experiment, 111, 123, 158, 159, 212
 * falsificationism, 14, 156-158, 161
 * justificationism, 156-158
 * of hypotheses, 42, 146-148, 156-159, 164
 * power of evidence, 46, 67, 68, 76, 147, 150, 157, 159, 161
 * techniques of, 152

correlation, 43, 46, 55, 58, 60, 67-70, 119, 165
 * causality and, 60, 65-70
 * coincidence, 45, 46
 * confidence levels for, 57
 * correlation coefficient (R), 55-60
 * rank correlation coefficient, 55, 59

creativity, see: insight
 * curiosity, 8, 9, 198

data, 12
 * accuracy, see: accuracy
 * collection of, 136, 161, 162, 169
 * definition of, 13
 * handling, see: computers - information handling
 * interpretation of, 140-142
 * recording, 114, 119, 123