Page:Simplified grammar of Hindustani, Persian and Arabic.pdf/46

Rh principle as in Hindūstānī, namely, that i or y expresses near relation, and u or w expresses remote relation.

īn, "this," and ān, "that," make  īshān and  uūshānhan in the plural for rational beings: but they sometimes form the plural quite regularly, as  īnān and  ānān for rational, and  īnhā and  ānhā for irrational beings.

Note.— "to" or "by" takes an euphonic d before these pronouns; as  badīn =  ba+in, "to this,"  badān =  ba+ān, "to that."

The plural forms are not required for nouns which merely qualify a plural noun, since the plural termination of the noun sufficiently explains it; as mardān i khūb, "good men."

The pronouns sometimes take an affixed form, as follows: A seems to have once belonged to the pronouns, as we may see from the plurals  ūshān,  shǔmā, et.

These affixes are only used of rational beings, and have the usual plural termination in ān, though the final nasal n is dispensed in the first person; thus,