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48 which comes in large lumps, coke, limestone, special pig, sand, etc., unloading hard and soft coal for boilers gas producers, etc., and also for storage and again loading the pig-iron produced at the furnaces for shipment, storage, and for local use, and handling billets, etc., produced by the rolling mills. The work covered a large variety as labouring work goes, and it was not unusual to keep a man continuously at the same class of work.

Before undertaking the management of these men, the writer was informed that they were steady workers, but slow and phlegmatic, and that nothing would induce them to work fast.

The first step was to place an intelligent, college-educated man in charge of progress in this line. This man had not before handled this class of labour, although he was understood managing workmen. He was not familiar with the methods pursued by the writer, but was soon taught the art of determining how much work a first-class man con do in a day. This was done by timing with a stop watch a first-class man while he was working fast. The best way to do this, in fact the only way in which the timing can be done with certainty, is to divide the man's work into its elements and time each element separately. For example, in the case of a man loading pig-iron on to a car, the elements should be: (a) picking up the pig from the ground or pile (time in hundredths of a minute); (b) walking with it on a level (time per foot walked); (c) walking with it up an incline to car (time per foot walked); (d) throwing the pig