Page:Select Essays in Anglo-American Legal History, Volume 1.djvu/136

 122 IL FROM THE llOO'S TO THE 1800'S law and custom and procedure. Under Henry I. two courts, the Exchequer and the Curia Regis, had control of all the financial and judicial business of the kingdom. The Ex- chequer filled a far more important place in the national life than the Curia Regis, for the power of the king was simply measured by the state of the treasury, when wars began to be fought by mercenaries, and justice to be administered by paid oflScials. The court had to keep a careful watch over the provincial accounts, over the moneys received from the king's domains, and the fines from the local courts. It had to regulate changes in the mode of payment as the use of money gradually replaced the custom of payments in kind. It had to watch alterations in the ownership and cultivation of land, to modify the settlement of Doomsday Book so as to meet new conditions, and to make new distribution of taxes. There was no class of questions concerning property in the most remote way which might not be brought before its judges for decision. Twice a year the officers of the royal household, the Chancellor, Treasurer, two Chamber- lains, Constable, and Marshal, with a few barons chosen from their knowledge of the law, sat with the Justiciar at their head, as " Barons of the Exchequer " in the palace at Westminster, round the table covered with its " chequered " cloth from which they took their name. In one chamber, the Exchequer of Account, the " Barons " received the reports of the sheriffs from every county, and fixed the sums to be levied. In a second chamber, the Exchequer of Receipt, the sheriff or tax-farmer paid in his dues and took his receipts. The accounts were carefully entered on the treasurer's roll, which was called from its shape the Great Roll of the Pipe, and which may still be seen in our Record Office; the chan- cellor kept a duplicate of this, known as the Roll of the Chancery ; and an officer of the king registered in a third Roll matters of any special importance. Before the death of Henry I. the vast amount and the complexity of business in the Exchequer Court made it impossible that it should any longer be carried on wholly in London. The " Barons '* began to travel as itinerant judges through the country; as the king's special officers they held courts in the provinces,