Page:Scientific American - Series 1 - Volume 008 - Issue 29.pdf/6

 Scitutific An artesian well of great depth is being bored at present at St. Louis, for a sugar re finery m that city. It was begun in 1849, an d has been worked 1,590 ibet, nearly half the depth of the celebrated artesian well in Westphalia, Germany, which is sunk 2,385, The object is ' to obtain a supply of other tan limestone water which is the only sort that can be found by the ordinary channels in that vicinity. At the present depth of 1,590 feet a pretty copious stream of sulphur water flows from the well, having precisely the taste Artesian

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Riported Officially for the Scientific America,", LIST OF PATENT CLAIMS "oued from the United!ltate. Patent Omee F O R THE W E E K E N D I N G MAR C H 22. 1853. HYDRAUL I C STEAM PUMPs-By H. N. B l ack, of P hil adel p hia, Pa. : I d o not claim a double cylinder pump or water engine, nor o p e ning a val ve at th e e a d of the st r ok e of a ste am p iston, and injecting wa.ter i nt o a ste am cyl i n d er, fo r pr o duc i n g a partial vacuum j bu t I claim the combination of the double slotted water and steam cylinder, double pistons, and sl o tt ed p i s t o n r od, arranged and o p er at in g in the manner 8et for th. S E PARAT I N G PAPER BY S I N G L E S H E E TS-By J. P C o mly, of Dayto n, Ohio : I c laim, fi rs t, a t able or r ange of t ub es, c o n n e c ti n g with an exhaust pump or v acuu m, for separating the edge o f a sheet from a h e ap of paper, by atmospheric pressure, in combina tion with a r o l l e r, o r its e q ui v al e n t, t r a v er sin g to a.ud iro on the upper sheet, fo r the several purposes o f lowe r i n g and a d m it tin g air b e tw ee n t h e l e aves, p r e sen t i n g the edge of t he to p sheet to the t ubes, and, O n its backward s tr o ke, ser v in g to stra i g ht e n the pil e. Second, the tube or tubes aforesaid, i n combina tion with the vibr at i n g su p p o rting b ar, for uphold ing th e fo rward ed g e of the s he e t when dro pped by the t u b es, presentin g it p r o per l y t o t h e fi n g e r s, and s uppo r ti n g it from the h eap, while being drawn aw a y. TANNING-R o swell E n o s & Bela T. Hunt, o f st. C h ar le s, Ill. : We claim t h e p r oc e s s o f t anning with the u s e o f l i m e, s a lt, bran, sumac, and cutch, o r any other t anning i n r o o m o f cutch, substantially in the mauner d escr ibed whe reby we commence tanning, at the same time that w e commen c e reducing, as the s alt and bran overpowers the lime, the tan takes the place of the lime, and converts the hide into more perfect leather, and i n le ss time than can be made in any other way. Hides are not liable to get dmaged by our pro� cess, as w e d o n o t use an article that is i n j u r i o.us to l e at b e r It i s n o t o n t h e materials used that we claim let t e rs paten t, but on the manner of applying them t o the hide, a s set fo rth.

7th, limestone, 75; 8th, shale, 1 ; 9 th, lime stone, 38; 1 0 th, sandy shale, 7; 1 1 th, lime stone, 1 28; 12th, red marl, 1 5; 1 3th, shale, 30; 1 4th, red marl, 50; 1 5 th, shale, 3 0; 1 6th, limestone, 1 1 9; 1 7th, shale, 6 6; 1 8th, bitumi � nous marl, 1 5; 1 9 th, shale, 80; 20th, lime stone, 1 34; 2 1 st, chertz rock, 62; 22nrl, lime stone, 134; 2rd, shale, 70; 24th, limestone, 20; 25th, shale, 56; 26th, limestone, 34; 27th white soft sandstone, 15 feet. ' � The well was first commenced as a cistern. From the surface of thE: ground, where it is tourteen feet in diameter, it has a conical form, lessening at 'he depth of thirty feet to a diam eter of six feet. Thence the diameter is again lessened to sixteen inches, until the depth of 78 feet from the surface is attained From that point it is diminished to nine inch es, and this diameter is preserved to the depth of 457 feet. Passing this line the diameter to

of the Blue Lick water in Kentucky, although perhaps it is not quite so thorougl,ly impreg nated with sulphur. It is, however, conclu ded from recent indications, that a supply of pure s weet water will be now obtained. The following is a list of the different strata bored through in the course ot operations. 1 st. Through limestone, 28 feet; 2nd, shale 2; 3rd, limestone, 231; 4th, chertz rock, 1 5; 5th, limestone, 74; 6th, shale, 3 0;

C H E E S E P R E S S E S -B y Mills A. Hackley, o f Belle. VIlle, N. Y. : I claim the t urning table or its e q ui v a J e n t, in combination with the roUer in sueh manner, that v henever the table i s adj usted for t ur nin g the cheese, there will be a corresponding adju s t me n t of the roller fo r (acilltati ng the p ro ce s s o f tu r nin g the same. K N i T T I N G MACHINE S-By Wm. Mans field, o f Dra cut, Mass : I claim forming the l o o ps, in kn itti n g r i b b e d fabrics, by the com b i n a t i o n o f t w o sets o f needles, m a.d e t o o p e rate tag ether, a s set forth. the sa.me enabling m e t o give i mp o r t an t advantages in t h e cQDstruction and operation of the loom. D I ST I L L I N G R O S I N O I L -B y James Riley & Wm. o f Sout h fi e l d, N, Y . : We . claim the process by which we manufacture o i l from rosin, by p as si n g it from a n alembic, th rou gh e x pa n d i n g worms, o r their e q u i val e n t g  surrounded by a j acket o f fire-brick o r cl ay, whe r e by we prevent de str ucti ve d i stil la ti on, car b o n i za ti o n, and g reatl y economize t i me, as set for th.

All e n ,

HAR N E S S -B y James S tan br o u gh, of Ne wark, N. Y. : I claim the fo r ming o f r o unds, raise s, or ro l l s, o n the different p ar t s o f a harness o r other leather work, by doubli n g and stitchin g together a strap of l e a the r, at i ts e d ge s ,land then binding these edges by a s e parate piece, and connecting t he s titc hi n g o f s uch bin d i n g, b.v drawing up and fast e ni n g by the s i d e th e r e of, folds of the str ap; and this I claim, whe ther the s i ng l e strap only be used for fo r m i n g a sin .. gl e r oll, or a.. se c o n d ary str a p be used for forming two or more r o ll s, a s de s crib e d.

P E G G I N G B O O T S AND SHOE S -B y S e t h D _ Tripp, o f H o che.ter, Mass. (ass ig n or t o E. L . N or folk, o f Sal e m, Mass . : ) I claim the combinat i o n of each frame, with i t s supporting shaft, by means of a ro c k ar fr a m e, the same being for the purpose of allo w i n g a free ve r tic al, a s well as othe r m o v e m e nts, as de s cr i bed, by either of the fr ames, s o that it may b e g uided, in it s v er tical mo v e m ent, by the curvature of the upper surface of the sole of the b oo t o r shoel and h oriz o n t al ly by the cam wh ee l, s ubs tan t i al ly as s p e cifi e d. Also the m an n er of c ombining the awl and driver with one carrier, made t o o pe rat e a s d e s cr ibe d, where by t h ey a r e al t e r n ate ly p re se n te d o r brought d ow n against o r towa rds:th e s o l e, by t h e revelution of t he car rie r, as specified. Also the c o mbin ati o n of the guide with the knife o r chisel, and so a s to operate t h ere with, in t he man ner and for the purpose of g uid i n g said chisel pro perly against the peg wood, as descri qed. Also the impr o ve ment i n the con struction of the charger, v i z, the maki n g of the same, with two or more se p ara t e co m p artments fo r h ol din g t h e s tr i p s o f peg w o o d, w h i c h compartments a r e t o b e s ucc es si v e ly br ou g h t forwards under th e o pe rati o n of the p i s t o n s l i d e, as the several pieces o r strip s of peg w o o d are succe8sively cut u p into pegs, m e ani ng to c l a, i m a combination o f a s er i e s of c ompartments, in, th e o ne s i n g l e p i st o n slid e, made t o o p er ate as set

minous marl 15 feet in diameter was struck. The New Silver Coin. T h e marl marly resembled coal, and on being The weight of the new silver coinage au subjected to a great heat, without actlly thorized by the recent act of Congress, which burning, lost much of its weight. In the stra gGes into operation in June next, as compared tum of shale which follo wed, the salt in the with that coinage since the passage of the act water increased to two-and-a-half per cent. upon the same su@ject in 1837, is as follows : The hard streak passed was a bed of chertz, Silver. Act of Jan., 1837. Act ot Feb., '53. struck at a depth of 1 ,179 feet from the sur Dollar 412 grains. No change. face, and going down 62 feet. In this layer the salt in the water increased to full thme per cent. The boring at present is, as ap pears by the statement above, in a bed of white soft sand r9ck, the most promising that has yet been struck for a supply of water, Half D ollar, 206.t Quarter do. 1 0 3! 41 l Dime, 20! Half D ime, " " 1 9 2 grains.

of the earth at the beginning of a layer of limestone, the water in the well became salty. The level of the sea-reckoned to be five hundred and thirty-two feet below the city 01 St. Louis-was passed in the same layer two hundred feet lower still, in a bed of shale, the water contaiued one-and-a- half per cent. o f salt. At a depth o f 950 feet, a bed of bitu

shale, at the depth of twenty-nine or thirty feet from the surface. The water in the well however, is always higher than the water line of the river, and is not affected by the va riations of the latter. The first appearance of gas was found at a depth of 566 feet, in a stra ta of shale one and a half feet thick, which was strongly imbued with carbonated hydro gen. When about 2:i0 teet below the surface

the present bottom of the well, is three and a half inches. T h e lowest summer stand of t h e Mississip pi river is passed in the first stratum of the

erected, are struck like daggers into the part aimed at, and as the action of the compressing muscles of the bag is cpntemporaneous with the blow by which the wound is inflicted, the poison is, at the same momnt, inj<lcted with force into the wound from the apical or termi nal outlet 01 the perforated fang. "'"5Z:::l c::::=:o-

Baltimore. fang's point, this is left solid and entire, and fit The. Manchester (England) Chamber of for the purpose of perforation. It is only the Commerce have advan!'ed a loan for experi upper jaw that is so armed, and it is so formed menting in the culture of cotton in Trinidad, that the upper jaw of the venomous serpent for which purpose a model tarm is to be laid is not fixed, but plays or rotates backwards out. and forwards, having special muscles for those The deliveries of tea recently in London, movements which, when they push forward for one week were 509,218 lbs. bring the tooth attached to it into a the jaw The ice merchants say there will be a large vertical position, ready for actIOn, and when they draw back the jaw, replace the tooth in deficiency in the supply of that article the ' a horizontal position, where it rests, with the coming summer. Only about half the average point backwards, hidden in a bed of sOlt and annual crop has been stored. But about 1 0 0, slirqy gum. The wound is inflicted by a blow 000 tons are said t o be stored. Last year it rather than by a bite, the poison tangs, when was 200,000 tons and over. .

side of the slightly curved fang. The barrel aperture of the poison-canal is oblique and its opposite or terminal outlet is still more so, presenting the form of a narrow elliptical lon gitudinal fissure at a short distance from the

flattened tooth wheel we have supposed to be so approximated, are bent round the end of the poison duct, which closely adheres to and lines the canal, and the line of union of the two edges runs along the front and concave

Miscellaneous Items_ thing more than theory before we can affirm The block of marble for the Washington that the phenomenon last mentioned is sure to Monument, ordered by the Common Council occur at the d epth indicated. of New York is now finished, and is larg r Poison Fang of Serpents. than any that hail yet been s ent, being eigh t The instrument with which the cobra and feet wide, and five feet six inches in height. other venomous serpents are armed in so It weighs about four tons. The design is the deadly a mav ner, consists of several parts, a rms of the city of New York, cut in very namely, the tooth or poison fang, the movable high reliet, surrounded by a beautiful wreath stock or handle in which it is fixed, called the of oak and laurel leaves. The whole is sur jaw, the muscles or moving powers of the jaw, mounted by a large eagle standing on a globe. the bag containing the deadly liqllld called The block bears the following inscription in the poison sac, the pipe which carries the ve raised letters :-" Corporation of the City of nom into the tooth or poison duct, and the New York." The border is composed of squeezer or muscle that d rives the venom bundles of rods, encircled by a ribbon, to de from the bag, along the duct, through the tooth note that in union there is strength. The into the wound which the latter inflicts. The cost of the block will be about $2,500. tooth is not implanted in a socket like ordina The Pacific Railway in Missouri, has one ry teeth, but is firmly soldered, as it were, to of the most remarkable (though not the long the jaw bone, which commonly has no other est) tunnels in the world. For 930 feet in tooth to support, and is singularly modihed in one part, and 400 in another, it is cut through size and shape, to allow of the movements re the solid rock. The approaches to it, for long quisite for the deep plunge of the tooth into distances are cut filty feet in depth, faced the object aimed at. The tooth, in structure with the rock. The tunnel itself is sixteen resembles wh"t is called the canine tooth, feet high, arched over. which consists of a hard, pointed, long and No less than 40,000 pine logs have been cut, slender cone, with a hollow base, and if we and 25,000 have been put;nto the river at a suppose such a slender and partly hollow cone to be rolled out flat, the edges then bent to point sixty-five m iles from Potsdam) St. Law rence Co. A quantity sufficient to make 25,wards each other, and soldered together so as 000,000 feet of lumber, which, to be brought to form a canal open at both ends, we shall torm a good idea of the general form and to market, will pay a toll of $9,000 to the structure 'of a poison fang. The edges of the State.

The annual amount of lead produced from the Wisconsin Lead Mines, is about 40,000,000 pounds, which, at five cents a pound (a low enough estimate now,) amounts to $2,000,000.

reduced the rate of freight on bacon, beef, pork, whiskey, lard and lard oil, to 50 cents per 100 lbs. from Pittsburg to Philadelphia or

The Pennsylvania Railroad Company have

One Hundred Miles Per Hour.

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96

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38'40 " 1 9 '20 "

A h o th e c o mbinati o n of me c h an ism by which t he charger is m o ve d, the same c o n s i s tin g i n the o p er a � t i n g spr ing, rack, click or pawl, and s pr i n g, applied t o the upright part of the paw l, t h e whole to act in conjunction with the piston sl id e, as d es crib e d. Also the combination of mechanism for o perat i n g the sl i d e, the same c o n sisting of the rac k o r r atc he t t he r e o f, i m p ell i n g pa wl, s p r i n g lever, c am, ratchet wheel, and spr i n g hook p a wl, as appl ie d to the frame a n d t h e b ar, an d m ad e to o p e ra.te substantially a s set forth, the same causing peg wood to b e s h o v e d t hr o u gh the charger, and keeping the pegs in ad vance of the peg wood, a nd succesRively forcing t h em into the correct p o sitio n over the h o l e made i n the s o l e by the awl. And, in cambination w i th t he p re s sure sp ri n g, I c l a i m the le'ver, with it s b en t pr oj ecti o n, spring, bent leverl and cam, the same being for the pur po s e as s e t fo r th. . ...--�

for t h.

Austrian papers state that a merchant of such as is wanted. Observations have been made with a Cel VIenna has lately presented to the Industrial sius thermometer of the temperature of the Union of that capital the details of a series of well. At the'mouth of the orifice, the ther experiment m ade by him to manufacture The mometer marks 5 0 degrees; at the depth of spiders' thread into woven tissues. 45 feet, the heat is regular, neither increasing thread is wound on a reel, and two dozen spi nor diminishing with the variations above, ders produce in six minutes. a beautiful and length. and at the distance of 351 feet, the heat has delicate thread, t wo thousand feet in of as be increased to 60 degrees. The calculations in The stuffs manutactured are spoken and the books give an increase of one degree in ing far superior to those of silk in beauty the temperature, lor every additional 100 delicacy of fabric. feet of depth, so that at the depth of 5,000 feet, the heat is supposed to be so intense as to melt iron. LThe greater part of the above is extracted from the " Missouri Republican," we therefore do not take upon ourselves to endorse the opinion therein mentioned of a gradual rise of temperature on getting deeper from the earth's surface, such hypothesis is a favorite one among some geologists,but we must have some---

Spider.' Thread.

" A Maine Yankee " announces through the " National Intelligencer," the invention of a form of road and improved locomotive, which, he says, will safely transport the mails and passengers at �the rate of one hundred miles per hour! The writer further says he has been made acquainted with the details of these improvements, ., which are so palpably correct in theory, and feasible in practice, that every civil engineer and railroad man will, on examination, at once recognize them as the desideratum, even to the extent ot safety and speed above indicated." The next Congress, it is said is to be invit ed to secure its adoption, and give to the world the result of the first experiment.- L Exchange. [Let us know the plan and then we can form some opinion of its correctness. It may be good and may be perfectly futile. We would state that 100 miles per hour have bee'n run by a lo comotive already. The Great Chestnut Tree.

Cotton In Africa.

which gives it the appearance of several trees growing together. In a circular space formed by these huge branches a hut has been erected for the accommoda tion of those who collect the chestnuts. New _ __ __ ' __ 'c ==  __  __ __

On one side of Mount Etna there is a fa mous chestnut tree, which is said to be one hundred and ninety six feet in circumference, j ust above the surface of the ground. Its en ormous trunk is separated into five divisions,



1 st July, 1853, and which the Secretary advertises will be paid on presentation, amounts thin. fm,Ii," ,f "" milli,., .f d.lI..

The p ublic debt of the United States due

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Thirty varieties of cotton have been found growing spontaneously in Africa, A mis sionary says he has stood erect u nder the branches ot a cotton tree in a Goulah village' so heavily laden with bolls that it was prop ped up with forked sticks to prevent it from breaking under its o wn weight. The cotton was equal to that of any country. The na tives manufacture cotton goods extensively.

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the place is not far f;om five thousand. .

The furnaces at the Mt. Savage establish ment, Md., are now in!Jlast, and the rolling mill continues, as it has done for some time, to turn out daily a large amount of superior rails. Over nine hundred hands are now ept b ilY .mpl,yol, Md tho ",p.l.fum .f

I ron Works.

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� 1853 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC