Page:Scientific American - Series 1 - Volume 001 - Issue 17.pdf/1

 THE IDVOCATE OF VOLUME

INDUSTRY

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E N l' E R P R

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N E W YOR K, THURSDAY, JANUARY 8, 184.6.

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IMP R 0 VE l-l ENT S. [NUMBER 17.

1ll'm �@lJ'tl'lJlJ'lJ@ �iliIDlffilJ@A:!Wp ! P'OBLISHED EVERY TH'ORSDAY MORNING,

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ELECTRO-TELEGRAPH MACHINE

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ALSO, AT N O. 12 STA1'E ST., BOSTO j (The Princip al Otlice being

BUR' BUILDINGS, -F.ntrance 128 Fulton st., and 89 Nassau st. C ADE, P H I LA DELP H IA.

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at New

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By RUFUS PORTER.

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J<:ach number of this paper is furnished with from two to five ORIGINAL ENGRAVINGS, many of them ele ga n t, and illustrative of NEW IN. VENTIONS, SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES, and CURl. OSITIES ; a nd contains as much I nte resti n g In

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telligence as six o r di n ary daily papers, ('onsist ing of notices of the pro g re ss of M echanical

and other can and Fore ig n

Scientific

chanics,

A m erica n Patents i_Scientific Essays, i11ustra. tive of the principles of the Sciences of Me.

fmprovements,-Ameri Inventi o ns ; Catalog ue s of

tell igence, Poetry, and, oc cas i o n al ly , Music.

struction in various and Trades i-curious Philosophical Experiments ;-Miscellanllous In.

Chemistry, and Architecture ;-.In.

Arts

This paper is especially entitled to the patlOnage of Mechanics and Manufact urers, being the only p ap er in Aml'riea- devoted to the interests of those classes; but is particularly lseful to F arme rs, as it will not only apprise them of im p ro vements in agricultural implem ents, but iustruct them in various mechani cal tr ades, and guard them agains t imp ositio ns. As a family newspaper, it w ill convey more useful intelligence to ch i ld ren and young people, Ihan five times its cost in schOl,1 instr u e� tion. Another im port ant argument in favor of this pa� "wd year, when the volume is complete, and will probably command tJlat price in cash, if wc may judge from the circumstance that old volumes of the "New York Me ch:mic," by the same editor, will now command double the orig in al cost. TERMlI.-" The Scientific Ame rican will be fu rn ie hed to subscri bers at $2, per a ll n ll m,-one dollar in ad vance, and the balance in six months. Five copies w il l be sent to one address six mon ths, for f"ur dollars in advance. Any person prouring two or more s u bs cr iber s, will be entitled to a com m i ssion of twenty-five cents each. TERMS OF ADn:RTrSING.-For 10 lines, or less, 50 cents for the first, and 12 1-2 cents for every subsequent insertion.

DAY8 W ITHOUT N I GHTS AND N I GHTS WIT HOUT DAys.-There is n othi ng that strikes a stranger more forc ibly, if he vi si ts Sweden at th e season of the y ear when the days are longest, than the ab sence of nigllt. The l! un, in June, goes down at ::3tocldlOlm a little helore 10 o'd o ck. There is a great iIluminalion all night, as the sun pa ss e s round the earth towards the no r th pole, and the refraction of its rays is such that you can see to rea d at mid,night. There is a m ou nt ain at the head of the Gulf of-Bothnia, where, on the 2 1st of June, the sun doee no t go down at all. Tra v e llers go up there to see it. A steamboat g oes up f rom S to c k holm for the purpose o f c arr y in g those who arc curious to wi t nes s th is p h e nom enon. It only occurs one night. The mn goes do wn to the horizon, you can see the w h ole face of it, and in five m i nute s it begins to rise. At the No r th Ca pe, lat 72 degrcei, the sun does not go down for several weells. In June, it would be about 25 degrees above the h orizon at m idnig h t. The way people there know it is m id n i g ht, they see the sun begin to rise. The changes in thos e high latitudes, from summer to w i n ter are so great, th at we can h ave no c on cep t ion of them at all. In t he winter time the sun d i s appe a r s and is not seen fo r six weeks. T hen it comeil up a nd shows its 'face. Afterward it r e ma i ns for ten, fifteen or t we n ty minutes, a nd then descend!!. And finally, i t does not set at all, but m ake s almost a ci rcle round the hea vens. Birds and animals t ak e their accustomed rest at the i r usual hours. The "hens take to the trees about 7 o ' clock P. M., and stay there until the sun is well up in the morning-and the people get into this habit of late r i sin g, too. The S w ed es in the cities are no t very in dustrious, owing probably to lhe clim ate.

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FLORI1>A EVi: RGLADEs.-The l abor s of the sur veyors w ho ha ve recen t l y been in the Soulhern por tions of Florid a, seem to dem onstrate the correct ness of th e opinions which all who ha v e c areful l y

EXPLANATION.-To the platfor m, A, B, the posts or uprights, C, D, and F, are secured, a:; al so. the electro magnet G partly enclosed in the helix H. Thill is an U magn e t, (a froat view of which is shown on t h e next page,) but this bein ge a side view, on l y one pole thereof, G, app ears in view. The armature I-one end of which only is s h e wn, --':i s attached to a le ver J, wh ich is muullted on the pimt K. A metal lic wheel or drum, L, is mount ed on two posts, F, and is occasionaJly put in motion by a weight attached to- tha cord M. (This weight fallir.g below the machine; is not shown in this view.) In the p e ri phery of this drum i s a slight groove; and a hardened steel point, O , is so adj usted in the leve r COUNTING HlTS} ALMANAC---1846. J as to fall into this groove, when the l eve r is fo rced dOWN. Whenever a circuit c on llection is formed between the helices and a gal vanic bat-� g'rs:>-l:-lg> tery, by means of the wires P and Z, the attractive power or the m agne t instant ly brings down the armature I, and with it th e lever and the s.g The Mechanic's Satul'day Night. -=;!.a steel point or pencil, O. A long strip of paper, Q :ft, is d rawn from a roll, and is passed over the drum, L, being pressed between that and the Oh! sweet is the home of the toil- worn Mechanic, .. :.< .,    roller S, which is held by two wire sprillg!:, which proje ct from the post E. A n o the r spring, '1', projeets from the heads of the posts C, D, and '< When labor is hllsh'd in the stillness of n ight ; hold s up the lever when the power of the ma n et is suspended. On the ewr of the drum, an d .n e a r its p eri phery, is a cit c l e of geer-teeth, whic h When the hum of commotion, dis aster and pan ic,. . . . 1 2 3 JANUARY take to the pinion U, and thereb y puts ill mol iOll the fly-whecI V, which is mOllnted on the s a m e ;;haft. This wheel, V, is hollo w, being made of Is still as the stars in their orbits of light, 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 :h day s. But sweeter by far is the neat little mansion, thin p late copper, and contains fOllr or more aparl ments, fOflllNl b y partitions extending fr o m the axle ne a rl y to the periphery. This wheel also 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 L7 When o'er llowing boards of his industry speak; 18 19 20 21 22 22 24 contains a small quan tity of alcoh o l, which retarrb the 1Il0tion of the wheel, as it r c q w ire,; time to flow from one apartme n t tl) the next, as the When the sweat-covered waes by widest expansion, 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 wheel revolves. An arm, W, p I'ojec t s downward from the pivot K, ( to whi ch the lever J is att ached, ) and to the end of this arm, is connected Replenish his sto res at the .close of the wee k . by a pivot, a small metal li c rod, W X, which e x te nds hori z ontal ly through the post E. T he X end of this rod is flattened horizontally, and con FEBRUARY . . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 28 days. tains a vertical aperture, thro ugh which passes a vertical rack Y, the t e e th of which take to those of a rat c het, Z, whi ch is attached to the end With plenty all smiling in natural splendorWith products of Nature, delicious and sweet, 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 of the drum. The bottom I)f this ra ck passes through a hori:wntal plate which extends acrOf;S hetwl'en the pos ts E and F; and the foot of t he And the choicest of v i an ds his earnings can ren d er, 22_23 2 4 25 2 6 2 7 2 8 rack be ing turned or bent back, it can not he drawn through the pl ate , and consequently holds the drum f ro m moving. But whenever the circuit All clustering high in the lowly retreat, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 connection is made, the lever falls, which throvs back the ann W aud the rod X, which detaches the rack Y from its hold on the r atchet, and the MARCH How rich is the banquet-how great the profusion; 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 31 days. rack d esce nds by its own weight till its foat strikes the pla tfor m . It wiII be seen that the form of t h e foot is such as to incl in e the rack for How happy the man when his laborings Ilease 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 When his efforts are y ieldin g the greatest diffus ion , w ard, which causes it to again take hol d of the ratchet. As long as the telegraphic operation continues, the rack will be so frequently d e tach ed 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 28 Of harmony, happiness, ple asu re and peace. f rom the ratchet, that it will not retard the motion of the drum; bllt whenever lhe motion of the l eve r ceases, the rack will s top the drum in two 29 30 3 1 or three se co nd s The small drum or barrel from which the w e ight. cord M is s usp ended, is so constructed tha.t the po wer 01' in flue n ce of the Ott! bright is the hearth of the Workman at even,. . . . 1 2 3 4 APRIL. weight, as a ppli ed to the drum L, is not fr a moment suspeuaed, e ve ll while b 'J i ng wound up, [which may IJe done either by means of a crank And kindly the feeli ngs his bosom mllst know, 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 30 day". attached to the axle, or by a treadle, ope rat ed by th e foot of the attendant,] so that the forward motion of the d rum never ceases during the con When his generous heart in its lull ness hath given, 12 13 1 4 15 1 6 1 7 18 The bread he has earned by tIle sweat of his brow, tinuance of tel e graphic communication. This barrel,-denominated the pOW:T retainer,-is hy itself an important invention, not hitherto known, 19 20 2 1 22 23 24 25 And how sweet is the scene of the family of pleasure and will be made the s ubject of an article in an ot he r number, with an p.ngraving. Wheil the drum a n d paper are in motion, the p o int 0 w ill 26 27 28 29 30 The holy affections they fond ly retain; .make an indentat i o n in the p a p er, as of te n 8S it falls to the dl"Um; and these i n d entations arc made shorter or longe r, according to t he time or When he clasps to his breast his own loving treasure, MAY 1 2 duration of the circuit-connection. If the circuit is closed and broken wit h the u tm ost rapidity, a close succession of dots m er ely, will appear And fondles his little ones over again. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 days. on the paper ; but if the ci r cuit is closed and bro.ken wi th less rap idit y, short lines or dashe s and i Rterv e ni ng spaces are made; and by means 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 1 6 Ye spirits of mercy look down on his dwelling, of certain combinations of dots, d ashes, and spaces, all the letters of the al phab e t, n.omerals, and a variety of words, and even sentences are ex 17 18 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 And guard his abode in the midst of alarm pressed These drums may each contain four or six grooves, and the levers may contain a corresponding number o f points, so that 4 or 6 co 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 30 When t he surges of poverty frightful are swel ling, 31 pies of each communication may be p roduc ed at the same time. The following exa mple of four line communication, will suffice for the present Or frown o'er his cottage adversity' s storm, Oh! come like a pilot of truth on the ocean, 1 2 3 4 5 6 JUNE. And guide his lone bark to the haven he'd seek; N S A C M E R I C l E N T I A c H E T 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 31 days. And render his life in his country's devotion, 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 As sweet as his home at the close of the week. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 282930

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examined the iubject have entertained upon the praclicability of d rai n i ng the eve rgl a d es. They are found to be considerably above the level of lhe sea, and it is s upposed that an e n lar g e m e n t of the Miami, and other rivers flowing from them into the Atlantie. will drain the waters from millions of acres. If this be e ve r done, South Florida will indeed be the garden of our country; for in_ Mditio n to its adapt a t io n to the cu l ture of tropical fruit and hemp, this immense tract will secure unequalled advan ta g es of soil, climate, and pos ition, to t he su g ar, co tton, r ic e an d to b ac co p l ant er s.

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The World-:-as it is.

The world is not so bad a w orld, As some would like to make it; Th ough whether good, or whether bad, Depends on how we t ak e it. For if we scold and fret all day, From dewy morn till even, This world will ne'er afford to man A foretaste here of heaven. This world in truth's as good a w orld, As e'er was known to any Who have not seen another yet, And these are very many; And if the men and women too, Have plenty of em ployment, Those surely mu st be hard to please Who cannot find enjoyment. This wodel is quite a pleasant world, In rain or pleasant weather, If people would but learn to live In harmony together; Nor cease to burst the kindly bond By love and peace cemented, And learn that best of lessons yet, To always be contented. Then were the world a pleasant world, And pleasant folks were in it, The day would pass most pleasantly To thOle who thus begin it. And all the nameless grievances Brought on by borrowed troubles, Would prove, as cert ainly they are,

JULY

EXTRACT FROM A N OLD SOOTCII NEWSPAPER. EDINB'ORGIJ, Feb. 7, 1707. Oopy of a painter's bill presented to the Vestry for work d one m our C hurc h. To filling up a chin k i n the Red Sea and repairing the dam ages of Pharoah's ho s l. To a n ew pair of h and s for Daniel in the Lion's Den, and a ne w set of teeth for the Lioness. T o re pair ing Nebuchadnezzar's beard. To cl ean i ng the whale's belly, varnishing Jonah's faee and mending his l ef t arm. To a new skir t for Jacob's garment. To a ah.eet anchor, a jury mast and a long boat

for Noah's Ark. 1'0 gi vi ng a bl u sh to the cheeks of Eve, on pre� senting an apple to Adam. To painting a new city in the land of Nod. To cleaning the garden of Eden, after Ad am's ex pUlsion �. To maki ng a bridle for the Sama r itan's horse, and mending one of his legs. To putting a new h andle to Moses ' b aske t, and fitting bu l l-r ushes. 'ro add ing more fuel to the fire of Nebuchanezzar's furnace. Rec'd payment, D. Z.

A

mass of empty bubbles!

T o MAKE C I STERN C EM ENT.-Ashes two arts, three parts clay, one part san d m ixed wi t h o i, will make cement as hard as marble, and i mpenetrable by water forever. So says an exchange paper,

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though we have not proved it.

T H E GREAT ClTY.-London upon, an a v erage the last ten years, has paid annually $48,840,000 in custom duties, o r nearly half the whole amount of revenue ra is e d l from that d e pa r tment. There are 2,000 merchants and broilers within haifa mi le of the Ex change. The water companies supply 237,000,600 hogs h ea ds every year, and the gas companies 10,000,000 cubic feet ofgas, every twenty-four hours, In 1839, there were sold in Smithfield market 180,780 head of cattle, and 1,500,000 of sh eep. The Lon d on newspapers consume 10,000,000 stamps annual ly. The steamboat carry 10,000 passengers every day. There arc 10,000 miles of railroad, s tre tch ing from London into every p a rt onhe kingdom, com pl eted at t he expense of $222,000,000. There are 58 canals, which cost about $20,000,000. The bu siness of the London h anke s alone, aver age s $333,000,000 a month! --.,.,.,-INGEN IOUS EXPEDIENT.-A workman who, by means of a rope, had as cended to the top of an i m mensely tall chimney, in Preston, Eng., Ibund him self in an awkward pred icament, by l osi n g his rope. After tu rning the matter over in his mind a few min ute s, he unravelled his stoeking, lowered the l e n g th of worsted to th e ground, and a piece of fin e cord bei ng a t tached, he was s oon enabled to hoist the rope up again. Never j udge a p erson' s actions until you u nderitand e motives which prompted them.

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The Weekly " National Intelligencer." This paper, b eing made u p of such a po rti on of the contents of the N ational Intelligence r p ro per, as c an be c ompre s sed within the compass 01 a s ingle newspaper, continues to be issued and m ail ed to sub s cribe rs every Saturday at Two D ollar s a year, payable in advance, in all cases. No ac co unt being opened with sub scribers to the Weekly paper. To bring this paper y et m o re nearl y within the reach of such as desire to take by the year, a cheap paper from the seat of Gener al Government, a re du cti on will be made in the price of it, where a num ber of copies are o rd ered and paid for by anyone periion, or a ss oc iation, at the follo wing r ates : For ten Dollars, six copi e s will be sent. F ot T w e nty D ol lars, Th i rteen copie s; and for every sum of Ten Dollars, above T wenty Dollars, eight copies will be forwnrded; so that a remittance 01 fifty dol lars wiII command th i rty-se ven copies. N. B. P ubl i shers of p apers, throughout the sev eral States and Terr i to rie s, who will give a s ingle insertion of this advertisement, wi th this note an� nexed, and send one of their papers to this office with the advertisement marked therein, shall re ceive the Weekly N atio n a l I n tell i genceI' .free of charge. Wash ington C ity Nov. 1845. It is a sign of wisdom to be willing to recei ve in struction-the most int el li ge n t sometimes stand in -...,,#h

3 1 d ays.

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AUGUST 31 days.

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SEPTEMBER 30 days.

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OCTOBER 31 days.

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NOVEMBRR 30 days.

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DECEMBER 31 days. .

need of it.

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� 1846 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.