Page:Science (journal) Volume 47 New Series 1918.djvu/23

 "Colloidal solutions" are Colloidal dispersions, and "True solutions" are Molecular dispersions.

The particles, or "internal phase" of these systems are known as the "dispersed phase," and the liquid in which they are dispersed, the external phase, is known as the "dispersion medium." The present usage of the word "sol" and of its modifications—"hydrosol," "alcosol," etc., to describe a colloidal dispersion, is the same as that of Graham, their originator. I have noticed, however, that the word "sol" has been used by a few writers in the sense of the dispersed phase, i. e., the particles in colloidal dispersion. Is this use of the term to be permitted? Graham invented it as a short and convenient substitute for colloidal "solution" and a perusal of the works by Bechhold, Cassuto, Freundlich, Hatchek, Ostwald, Taylor and Zsigmondy shows that the original sense of the expression has been retained by these writers.

The use of the term "gel," however, and of its modifications, "hydrogel," "alcogel," etc., is deplorably loose and confusing. This term was coined by Graham and first used by him in discussing the "pectization" or coagulation of the hydrosol of silicic acid. Therefore, if we are to limit the use of "gel" to its original sense, we should use it only when speaking of the definite coagula of sols. This is not the case, however. Any substance which resembles a jelly in appearance is called "gel," although in chemical and physical properties it may be entirely different from the kind of matter which Graham had in mind when he invented the term. This use of the expression is exceedingly popular and would be very difficult to overcome.

Let us take up a case or two to show how unscientific this latter usage of the term is. For example, consider the dissolution or dispersion of gelatine in hot water. It forms a very mobile "solution" or rather dispersion, and in this form is called a hydrosol or sol. If this hydrosol be allowed to cool, it becomes very viscous and "sets" to a jelly-like mass. In this stiffened form it is popularly known as a "hydrogel" or "gel." If it be warmed again, its viscosity decreases, it becomes mobile and is called a "sol." Now if this use of the term "gel" (which is not as Ghraham intended) is to be permitted, then what is the line of demarcation between the sol and gel states? A change in state has occurred, it is true, for in the sol condition the water was the external phase whereas in the so-called gel state the gelatine became the external phase and the water internal. The change is very gradual, however, and our change of terms to suit the change in appearance of the system is exceedingly arbitrary and unscientific. Furthermore no chemical change in the nature of the gelatine has taken place.

If some alum or a trace of mercuric chloride be added to the gelatine hydrosol, a coagulum is obtained which is correctly termed a gel according to Graham. This is a coagulated compound, however, a chemical reaction has taken place. It will not redissolve in water and is, therefore, entirely different from the case discussed above, which is also commonly called gel.

To further complicate matters, the dry pieces of gelatine (and in fact any other colloid which will "dissolve" readily) which were used to make the original sol are also quite commonly called "gel." Lottermoser called attention to this several years ago and suggested that such pieces of gelatine, or of any other dry "soluble" colloid be called "solid sol." This suggestion is obviously bad. Why apply any special term at all?

When a hydrous ferric oxide sol is allowed to evaporate spontaneously, it will go through a jelly-like stage and finally become a hard scaly residue when all or nearly all of the water has left it. The jelly-like form will redisperse when warmed with an excess of water, while the amorphous form will not. Yet both forms are called "gel"! Zsigmondy distinguishes between these two different forms by calling the first one "hydrogel" and the second, "gel."