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Rh. Everywhere the people are used as tools and dupes in a movement which succeeds only through them, but not always with benefit to them. Sic vos non vobis. Everywhere we witness the same plot unfolding in the same manner: first an effete and corrupt Despotism—then Anarchy and Terror, and finally a Military Dictatorship: Cæsar or Medici, Cromwell or Napoleon.

It is not such broad human analogies which we are investigating. It must be obvious to the most superficial observer that there are between the two situations analogies much more special, much more unexpected, much more striking. Indeed so striking do they seem, that the Russian Revolution of 1905 may verily appear at first sight as a second edition, alas, not always corrected nor improved, but only expanded—of the Revolution of 1789! (a) In both countries do we find at work the same political causes, the same political evolution. The reforms of Peter the Great seem copied from the administrative reforms of Louis XIV, with Provincial Governors taking the place of the French Intendants, with a mock aristocracy, only on court parade not on active duty. We find the same arbitrary autocracy,