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 250 § 330-331. Rem. 1. In putting questions, the difference between perfect and imperfect vanishes, and it seems, also that between those tenses and the aorist. If I rightly understand P. 3, 2, 117, the employment of both perf. and imperf. in putting questions is prescribed by Panini, even if the past action be near in time". Kâç. exemplifies this rule affaryofaan OKE: I SNIH O. R. 3, 19, 6 Khara asks his sister Qurpanakhâ ¬ìsuñā vēlalátrai fazei acıy (what strong man has disfigured you thus ?). Cp. Ch. Up. 4, 14, 2 quoted 345. Rem. 2. Another rule of Panini 3, 3, 135 forbids the im. perfect, the perfect and the present with ¹) in two cases: fan- garant:. According to the gloss of the Kâçika kriyaprabandha is uninterrupted action," sâmîpya »the time which immediately adjoins the time of the speaker." In these cases the aorist and the participles are stated to be employed, not the other past tenses. Kâç. gives these examples aassa (as long as he lived he distributed food [to the poor]), à distanta inengaransfera (at the next full moon the teacher worshipped the holy fires). I do not know how far this injunction is confirmed by the evi- dence furnished by Sanskrit literature. For the rest ep. 341 R. 331. 105. At the outset, the perfect had not the restricted function, P:3, 2, The which it has in the classic dialect. In the old vedic mantras, like perfect of the the aorist, it may denote every shade of the past, and occasio- archaic dialect. nally it has even the power of a present tense, in the same way as for instance Greek laтyxa olda, Latin memini consuevi, Gothic vait mag, sim. So Rgv. 5, 60, 3 fm »is afraid," ibid. 1, 113, 3 when a dRun! they stand still" and the other instances to be found in tense. DELBRÜCK Altindische Tempuslehre p. 103 sqq. Per- fact, present The classic language has but two perfects, expres- (he says); sive of the present, viz. (he knows) and the latter may also be used of the past. 2) From the litur- 1) Though not mentioned either by Kaç. or by Patanjali, the fo and the must needs be implied in the prohibition, for the adhikâra un implies them too. 2) My notes contain, however, two other instances. Panc. 246 #