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 § 319-320. Rem. 1. It is not allowed, however, to use passive of all verbs. Pânini excepts the roots says - not - St: Farid, TA - Dot and AT. One 3: »the cow is milking; the stick bends." Patanjali extends the exception to others, especially to all causatives, and mentions a vârttika of the Bhâradvâjtyas which enumerates even a larger list of exceptions. This statement of the Bharadvâjîyas has been accepted by the Kâçika. At all events, this much is certain, that of several verbs the medial voice has also an intrans, meaning. A concurrence of medial and passive is taught by P. 3, 1, 62 and 63 for the aorist of roots ending in a vowel and also of zej with intransitive meaning it may be said if or, fe and > f. i. uf or w oc: cuna. the pure reflexive 318 c) is occasio- On the other hand, nally expressed by a passive; especially to release one's self." R. 3, 69, 39. Rem. 2. Note the idiom , a passive with etymo. P. 3, 1, logical object. See f. i. M. 2, 167. 89. Intransitives are often expressed also by the verbs 240 3 - that intransitive P. 3. 1, 88. - 320. Intran sitives of the so-called fourth class of conjugation, which chiefly how pressed, ex- comprises roots with intransitive meaning, as should, aufa, faufa, uoufa. For the rest, intransitive meaning is by no means restricted to a special set of forms and may be conveyed by any. So f. i. aq „to sleep" is formally an active affa, „to lie" a medial ÑÀ, ¦ „to die" a passive . ged. The difference of accentuation which exists between the verbs of the 4th class and the passives, must not blind us to the in- contestable fact of their close connection. At the outset, there is likely to have been one conjugation in af a with intran- sitive function, whence both the 4th class and the passive have sprung. Nor is it possible, even in accentuated texts, to draw everywhere with accuracy the boundary-line between them, see WHITNEY § 761, ?