Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/95

 The cases are the following:

197. A dental surd mute or nasal, or the dental sibilant, when immediately preceded by a, is everywhere converted into the corresponding lingual.

a. Under this rule, the combinations, , and are very common;  is rarely so written, the  being put instead of the former sibilant (172): thus,  instead of.

b. Much less often, is changed to  after final  of a root or tense-stem, with loss of the  or its conversion to : see 226 c.

c. Those cases in which the final becomes  before  (e. g. : 226 b) do not, of course, fall under this rule.

198. In the other (comparatively infrequent) cases where a dental is preceded by a lingual in internal combination, the dental (except of loc. pl.) becomes lingual. Thus:

a. A following immediately a  made such by the rule given at 189, above — or, as it may be expressed, a double as well as a single  — is subject to the lingualization: thus, the participles, , , , ; and, after prefixes (185 a), , , ,. But TS. has, and RV. .

b. Only a very few other instances occur: and  from √;  (also  and ), and  ( + : anomalous gen. pl. of : 483). A small number of words follow the same rule in external combination: see below, 199.

c. But (Vedic: √ + ) shows loss of the final lingual after assimilation of the dental, and compensatory lengthening.

d. Some of the cases of abnormal occurrence of are explained in a similar way, as results of a lingualized and afterward omitted sibilant before : thus  from, √ from , √ from. For words exhibiting a like change in composition, see below, 199 c.

199. In external combination —

a. A final is directed to be assimilated to an initial lingual mute: thus,, , , : but the case never occurs in the older language, and very rarely in the later. For final before a lingual, see 205 b.

b. An initial dental after a final lingual usually remains unchanged; and of the loc. pl. follows the same rule: thus,, , ; ,.

c. Exceptions are: a few compounds with six showing double  (198 b): namely,,  (and one or two others not quotable); and  has.

d. In a few compounds, moreover, there appears a lingualized dental, with compensatory lengthening, after a lost lingual sibilant or its