Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/94

 192. Especially, a preposition or similar prefix to a root, if it contain or end in euphonic  for  (174), very often lingualizes the  of a root or of its derived stems and forms. Thus:

a. The initial of a root is usually and regularly so altered, in all forms and derivatives, after, , ,  (for ), ,  (for ): thus, , , ; , , , ,. Roots suffering this change are written with initial in the native root-lists. The only exceptions of importance are, , , and when its  becomes  (as in ).

b. The final of a root is lingualized in some of the forms of  and : thus,, , ,.

c. The class-signs and  are altered after the roots  and : thus,,  (but the latter not in the Veda).

d. The 1st sing. impv. ending is sometimes altered: thus,.

e. Derivatives by suffixes containing sometimes have  by influence of a preposition: thus,.

f. The of the preposition  is sometimes altered, like the initial of a root, after another preposition: thus,,.

193. In compound words, an altering cause in one member sometimes lingualizes a of the next following member — either its initial or final, or  in its inflectional or derivative ending. The exercise of the altering influence can be seen to depend in part upon the closeness or frequency of the compound, or its integration by being made the base of a derivative. Examples are:, , ; etc. (but  etc.: 195 a), , ; , , , ; , , ,.

194. Finally, in the Veda, a (usually initial) is occasionally lingualized even by an altering sound in another word. The toneless pronouns and - are oftenest thus affected: thus,, , ; but also of the particle  like: thus, ; and a few other cases, as , ,. More anomalous, and perhaps to be rejected as false readings, are such as and  and  (MS.), and  (Āpast.).

195. a. The immediate combination of a with a preceding guttural or labial seems in some cases to hinder the conversion to : thus,  etc.,,  (but in Veda ), ,.

b. The RV. has the exceptions and.

196. When a dental mute comes in contact with a lingual or palatal mute or sibilant, the dental is usually assimilated, becoming lingual or palatal respectively.