Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/91

 183. The nasalization of the alterant vowel — or, in other words, its being followed by — does not prevent its altering effect upon the sibilant: thus,,. And the alteration takes place in the initial of an ending after the final  of a stem, whether the latter be regarded as also changed to  or as converted into : thus,  or,  or.

a. But the of  (394) remains unchanged, apparently on account of the retained sense of its value as ; also that of √, because of its value as  ( etc.); √ (RV. only) is more questionable.

184. The principal cases of alteration of in internal combination are these:

a. In endings, inflectional or derivative, beginning with — thus, ;, , ;  of sibilant-aorist, future, and desiderative; suffixes , , , etc. — after a final alterant vowel or consonant of root or stem, or a union-vowel: thus, , , , , , , , ,.

b. The final of a stem before an ending or suffix: thus:, , etc., from ; , , , ,.

c. Roots having a final sibilant (except ) after an alterant vowel are — with the exception of fictitious ones and, , — regarded as ending in , not ; and concerning the treatment of this  in combination, see below, 225–6.

d. The initial of a root after a reduplication: thus,, , , ,.

e. Excepted is in general an initial radical in a desiderative stem, when the desiderative-sign becomes : thus,  from √,  from √. And there are other scattering cases, as (perf. from √), etc.

185. But the same change occurs also, on a considerable scale, in external combination, especially in composition. Thus:

a. Both in verbal forms and in derivatives, the final or  of a preposition or other like prefix ordinarily lingualizes the initial  of the root to which it is prefixed; since such combinations are both of great frequency and of peculiar intimacy, analogous with those of root or stem and affix: thus,, , , ; , ; the cases are numberless.

b. The principal exceptions are in accordance with the principles already laid down: namely, when the root contains an r-element, and when a recurrence of the sibilant would take place. But there are also others, of a more irregular character; and the complete account of the treatment of initial radical after a prefix would be matter of great detail, and not worth giving here.