Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/82

 c. The same change appears when the law as to finals causes the loss of the aspiration at the end of the root: see above, 141.

d. But from, , , and are found in the Veda also forms without the restored initial aspirate: thus, ; ;  etc.; ;.

e. The same analogy is followed by, the abbreviated substitute of the present-stem , from √ (667), in some of the forms of conjugation: thus, from  + ,  from  + ,  from  + , etc.

f. No case is met with of the throwing back of an aspiration upon combination with the 2d sing. impv. act. ending : thus,, (RV.), but ,.

156. Under this head, there is especially one very marked and important difference between the internal combinations of a root or stem with suffixes and endings, and the external combinations of stem with stem in composition and of word with word in sentence-making: namely —

157. a. In internal combination, the initial vowel or semivowel or nasal of an ending of inflection or derivation exercises no altering influence upon a final consonant of the root or stem to which it is added.

b. To this rule there are some exceptions: thus, some of the derivatives noted at 111 d; final of a root before the participial suffix  (957 d); and the forms noted below, 161 b.

c. In external combination, on the other hand, an initial sonant of whatever class, even a vowel or semivowel or nasal, requires the conversion of a final surd to sonant.

d. It has been pointed out above (152) that in the rules of external combination only admitted finals, along with and, need to be taken account of, all others being regarded as reduced to these before combining with initials.

158. Final vowels, nasals, and ल् are nowhere liable to change in the processes of surd and sonant assimilation.

a. The, however, has a corresponding surd in , to which it is sometimes changed in external combination, under circumstances that favor a surd utterance (178).