Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/76

 noticed where they come up in the processes of inflection etc.; a few require mention here.

136. In internal combination:

a. The augment makes with the initial vowel of a root the combinations, ,  (-vowels: 235), instead of , ,  (-vowels), as required by 127; thus,  ( + ),  ( + ),  ( + ).

b. The final of a stem (1203a) becomes  before the suffix  (original : 1210a).

c. The final vowel of a stem is often dropped when a secondary suffix is added (1203a).

d. For the weakening and loss of radical vowels, and for certain insertions, see below, 249 ff., 257–8.

137. In external combination:

a. The final or  of a preposition, with initial  of a root, makes  instead of : Thus,  ( + ),  ( + ),  (ÇB.:  + ; but A.V. ).

b. Instances are occasionally met with a final or  being lost entirely before initial  or : thus, in verb-forms,  AB.,  etc. AV.; in derivatives, as, ; in compounds, as , , and (permissibly) compounds with  (not rare),  (not quotable), , as  or ,  or ; and even in sentence-combination, as , ,  (all RV.),  and  B.; and always with the exclamation  or.

c. The form from √ sometimes makes the heavier or  (235) diphthongal combination with a preceding -vowel; thus,,  (from  + , etc.).

138. Certain final vowels, moreover, are uncombinable, or maintain themselves unchanged before any following vowel. Thus,

a. The vowels, , and as dual endings, both of declensional and of conjugational forms. Thus, ;.

b. The pronoun (nom. pl.: 501); and the Vedic pronominal forms, ,  (492 a).

c. A final made by combination of a final -vowel with the particle  (1122b): thus,, ,.

d. A final of a Vedic locative case from an -stem (336f).

e. A protracted final vowel (78).

f. The final, or only, vowel of an interjection, as, , , ,.

g. The older language shows occasional exceptions to these rules: thus, a dual combined with a following, as ; an  elided after , as ; a locative  turned into a semivowel, as.