Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/540

 reaching old age, up to twelve;  reaching to the armpits,  next to last, penultimate;  above the bottom,  rising above mortals;  beyond people;  out of the house;  (about the feet) snare,  about the hand, bracelet;  out of sight,  beyond measure,  beyond the fields,  (, ÇB.) above a thousand;  in front of the eyes;  toward evening,  against the grain,  up stream,  before the eyes;  outside the enclosure;  outside the road;  close to the eyes, in sight.

b. Compounds of this character are in the later language especially common with : thus, relating to the soul or self,  relating to the sacrifice, etc.

c. A suffixal is sometimes added to a final consonant, as in  on the wagon,  until daybreak. In a few instances, the suffix is taken (see above, 1212 m); and in one word the suffix : thus,  besetting the path.

d. The prepositional compounds are especially liable to adverbial use: see below, 1313 b.

1311. Compound adjectives, like simple ones, are freely used substantively as abstracts and collectives, especially in the neuter, less often in the feminine; and they are also much used adverbially, especially in the accusative neuter.

a. The matter is entitled to special notice only because certain forms of combination have become of special frequency in these uses, and because the Hindu grammarians have made out of them distinct classes of compounds, with separate names. There is nothing in the older language which by its own merits would call for particular remark under this head.

1312. The substantively used compounds having a numeral as prior member, along with, in part, the adjective compounds themselves, are treated by the Hindus as a separate class, called.

a. The name is a sample of the class, and means of two cows, said to be used in the sense of worth two cows; as also bought for five cows,  worth two ships,  made in five cups, and so on.

b. Vedic examples of numeral abstracts and collectives are: [combat] of two kings,  three ages,  space of three leagues,  the triple heaven,  space of five leagues,  six days' time,  ten fingers' breadth; and, with suffix,  thousand days' journey. Others, not numeral, but essentially of the same character, are, for example: freedom from enemies,  freedom from guilt,  thunderstorm,  heartlessness, and