Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/511

 c. That is, especially, stems in or,  or ,  or , etc., show in composition the forms in , etc.; while those in  and  usually (exceptions sometimes occur, as ) lose their final , and are combined as if  and  were their proper finals.

d. As in secondary derivation (1203 d), so also as prior member of a compound, a stem sometimes shortens its final long vowel (usually, rarely ): thus, in V., ; in B., ; in S., ; later, , etc.

e. Occasionally, a stem is used as prior member of a compound which does not appear, or not in that form, as an independent word: examples are great (apparently used independently in V. in accusative),  mighty (V.),  two.

f. Not infrequently, the final member of a compound assumes a special form: see below, 1315.

1250. But a case-form in the prior member of a compound is by no means rare, from the earliest period of the language. Thus:

a. Quite often, an accusative, especially before a root-stem, or a derivative in of equivalent meaning: for example,  going by flight,  winning wealth,  causing absence of danger,  bringing prosperity,  inciting the voice; but also sometimes before words of other form, as  horse-desiring,  going in splendor,  making happy,  causer of fear. In a few cases, by analogy with these, a word receives an accusative form to which it has no right: thus,.

b. Much more rarely, an instrumental: for example, increasing by praise,  stealing by incantation,  gladly bestowing,  bright with light,  active with wisdom.

C. In a very few instances, a dative: thus, serving a man,  errand to us, and perhaps  and.

d. Not seldom, a locative; and this also especially with a root-stem or -derivative: for example, going at the head,  dwelling in the sky,  prevailing in the wood,  existing in the limbs,  lying on a couch,  active with the soma,  moving in the sky;  having enemies far removed,  near in favor,  hasting in excitement,  firm in battle,  dwelling near;  born in the waters,  hurling at hearts.

e. Least often, a genitive: thus, desirous of wealth,