Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/504

 c. With the accent thrown forward upon the ending: with knives,  having fire,  with a quiver,  possessing cattle,  with wind,  (AV. ) accompanied by the Fathers,  having a mother; no long final vowels are found before the suffix in this division, and only once a consonant, in  (RV., once).

d. Protraction of a final vowel is seen in ; in is irregularly inserted an  (after the analogy of ); in, an ;  (RV., once) appears to be primary.

e. The adverb appears to be related to adverbs in  as the suffix  to.

f. By the side of derivatives made with internal combination appears even in RV.; and other like cases occur later: thus,.

1236. It has been seen above (especially in connection with the suffixes and ) that the neuter of a derivative adjective is frequently used as an abstract noun. There are, however, two suffixes which have in the later language the specific office of making abstract nouns from adjectives and nouns; and these are found also, more sparingly used, in the oldest language, each having there one or two other evidently related suffixes beside it.

a. For derivatives of the same value made with the suffix, see above, 1168 i–k.

1237. ता. With this suffix are made feminine abstract nouns, denoting the quality of being so and so, from both adjectives and nouns.

a. The form of the primitive is unchanged, and the accent is uniformly on the syllable preceding the suffix.

b. Examples (from the older language) are: divinity,  manliness,  human nature,  firehood,  cattle-lessness,  relationship,  wealth;  nakedness,  wealth in retainers,  lack of descendants,  poverty in cattle,  lack of devotion,  absence of progeny; also doubtless  (from ), although the word is a few times used as an adjective (like  and : see next paragraph).

c. Of special formation are selfishness,  triplicity,  actuality. RV. has, with exceptional accent. In is seen a shortened final vowel of the primitive. has acquired a concrete meaning, people, folk; also (once) villages collectively.

1238. ताति, तात्. These suffixes are Vedic only, and the latter is limited to RV. Their relationship to the preceding is