Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/496

 , ant,  small,  young,  finer,  trembling,  intoxicated,  flying. Such derivatives in the later language are innumerable; from almost any given noun or adjective may be made an equivalent, ending in or  (according to the gender).

g. From compound primitives: very small,  removing wrath,  destroying,  moving forward,  destroyed.

h. In the Brāhmaṇas and later, is often added to a possessive adjective compound (1307), sometimes redundantly, but usually in order to obtain a more manageable stem for inflection: thus,  eyeless,  skinless,  without seed,  boneless,  along with the head,  containing a single -verse,  one who has taken yesterday's water,  with his spouse,  having many elephants,  with  and,  with his fuel laid on,  of youthful age,  of thumb size.

i. The vowel by which the is preceded has often an irregular character; and especially, a feminine in  is so common beside a masculine in  as to be its regular correspondent (as is the case with the so-called primary : above, 1181). In RV. are found beside one another only and ; but AV. has several examples.

j. Two suffixes made up of and a preceding vowel — namely,  and  — are given by the grammarians as independent secondary suffixes, requiring initial -strengthening of the primitive. Both of them are doubtless originally made by addition of to a final  or, though coming to be used independently.

k. Of -derivatives in no examples have been noted from the older language (unless  mine is to be so regarded); and they are not common in the later: thus,  necessary,  old age,  delightfulness.

l. Of -derivatives in, the Veda furnishes a very few cases: vernal,  of the rainy season,  wintry (none of them in RV.); AV. has of the Kirātas, apparent fem. to a masc., which is not found till later. Examples from a more recent period (when they become abundant) are: relating to the Vedas,  religious,  daily,  well-behaved,  doorkeeper,  versed in the Nyāya.

m. Before the suffix, some finals show a form which is characteristic of external rather than internal combination. A final sonant mute, of course, becomes surd, and an aspirate loses its aspiration (117 a, 114): cf. ,, above, h. So also a palatal becomes guttural (as before etc.: 217): e. g. , , ,. A remains after, and becomes  after an alterant vowel (180): e. g.. But the other sibilants take the form