Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/483

 (cf. 471 b),  (TB.; - ÇB.),.

e. As was pointed out above (111 c, d), the combination of a secondary suffix with a stem is sometimes made according to the rules of external combination. Such cases are pointed out under the suffixes (1215 e),  (1222 m),  (1225 a),  (1231 b),  (1232 c),  (1233 i),  (1234 c),  (1235 f),  (1239 c),  (1245 a),  (1245 c),  (1245 i).

1204. The most frequent change in secondary derivation is the -strengthening of an initial syllable of the stem to which a suffix is added.

a. The strengthened syllable may be of any character: radical, of a prefix, or of the first member of a compound: thus,,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,. As to the accompanying accent, see the next paragraph.

b. If a stem begins with a consonant followed by or, the semivowel is sometimes vriddhied, as if it were  or , and the resulting  or  has  or  further added before the succeeding vowel.

c. This is most frequent where the or  belongs to a prefix — as  — altered before a following initial vowel: thus,  from  (as if ),  from  (as if ),  from  (as if ); but it occurs also in other cases, as  from,  from , against  , and so on. AV. has irregularly from  (as if from, without the euphonic  inserted).

d. This strengthening takes place especially, and very often, before the suffixes and ; also regularly before  (with ), and later ; before the compound  and, and later ; and, in single sporadic examples before, , and  (?): see these various suffixes below.

e. Sometimes an unstrengthened word is prefixed to one thus strengthened, as if the composition were made after instead of before the strengthening: e. g. having Indra as divinity (instead of ),  with head to the west,  belonging to the world of the living,  within the earth,  (cf.  M. xii. 35). But especially when the first word is of numeral value: as of a hundred years,  or - of four chapters, etc. etc.