Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/477

 originally secondary, made by adding to the primary  or  (1182); but its use is in great part that of a primary suffix.

b. Examples of neuter nouns are: limb,  wing,  cup,  bond,  garment,  ear;  missile,  song of praise,  vessel; of more general meaning,  gift,  field,  urine,  sacrifice. The words accented on the final have often an abstract meaning: thus, authority,  kingdom,  doctrine,  sacrificial session (also  knowledge).

c. Masculines are: tusk,  prayer,  (or : 232) devourer,  buffalo, camel, and a few of questionable etymology, as  friend,  son,  foe. and are sometimes neuters even in the Veda, and  comes later to be regularly of that gender.

d. Feminines (in ) are: goad,  measure,  sacrifice (beside ),  (later, for );  destroyer.

e. Not seldom, a "union-vowel" appears before the suffix; but this is not usually the equivalent of the union-vowel used with (above, 1182 a). For the words in have the accent on : thus,  ( AV., once) impelling, oar,  shovel,  sieve,  birth-place,  gift; and so -,, , -, , , , ,  (with causative root-strengthening), : the combination  has almost won the character of an independent suffix. The preceding vowel is also in a few cases (sometimes apparently of the present-stem): thus,  venerable,  shred,  (f. -) song, -,  wing; but also  violent,  deadly weapon; and  f. strap. overcoming corresponds to. asterism is of very doubtful etymology. (RV., once) seems of secondary formation.

f. The words still used as adjectives in are mostly such as have union-vowels before the suffix. A single example from a reduplicated root is crying out.

g. A word or two in and  may be added here, as perhaps of kindred formation with those in : thus,  devouring,  beaming,  or  night;  (: 232) enemy.

1186. क. The suffix क is of very common use in secondary derivation (below, 1222); whether it is directly added to roots is almost questionable: at any rate, extremely few primary derivatives are made with it.

a. The words which have most distinctly the aspect of being made from roots are -, - (√ fix), n. pr.,  dry,  (√ hear} noise, report, etc., and - teeming; and  flake and  drop seem to belong together to a root ;  f., n. pr., may be added.