Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/475

 meaning, make a periphrastic future tense (942). Their corresponding feminine is in.

a. The root has regularly the -strengthening. A union-vowel (very rarely, one of another character) is often taken: as regards its presence or absence in the periphrastic future forms, see above (943 a).

b. Without -change is only plough-ox (no proper agent-noun: apparently -: compare the nouns of relationship further on). The root has, as usual,  — thus, ; and the same appears in -, -, -, -, -. An -vowel is taken instead by and, , and ; long in ; strengthened to  in  and. From a reduplicated root comes.

c. The accent, in the older language, is sometimes on the suffix and sometimes on the root; or, from roots combined with prefixes, sometimes on the suffix and sometimes on the prefix.

d. In general, the accent on the root or prefix accompanies the participial use of the word; but there are exceptions to this: in a very few instances (four), a word with accented suffix has an accusative object; very much more often, accent on the root appears along with ordinary noun value. The accent, as well as the form, of is an isolated irregularity. Examples are: winning treasures;  ye listen to a mortal; but, on the other hand,  bestowing good things on the pious; and  conqueror of peoples.

e. The formation of these nouns in from conjugation-stems, regular and frequent in the later language, and not very rare in the Brāhmaṇas, is met with but once or twice in the Veda ( and, RV.). In a certain priest (RV. and later), is apparently seen the aoristic.

f. The words of relationship which, in whatever way, have gained the aspect of derivatives in, are , , , , , ,. Of these, only and  are in accordance with the ordinary rules of the formation in.

g. Instead of is found  in one or two RV. examples:,.

h. Apparently formed by a suffix (or ) are, , , , the last two being words of relationship. For other words ending in, see 369.

1183. इन्. This is another suffix which has assumed a primary aspect and use, while yet evidently identical in real character with the frequent secondary suffix of the same form denoting possession (below, 1230).