Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/474

 roots,  wakeful,  (later) muttering,  biting,  sacrificing much,  (later) talkative;  is questionable.

1181. अक. Here, as in the preceding case, we doubtless have a suffix made by secondary addition of क to a derivative in अ ; but it has, for the same reason as the other, a right to be mentioned here. Its free use in the manner of a primary suffix is of still later date than that of ; it has very few examples in the older language.

a. In RV. is found (besides, which has a different accent, and which, as the metre shows, is really ) only missile; AV. adds and, and VS. . But in the later language, such derivatives are common, more usually with raising of the root-syllable by strengthening to heavy quantity: thus, ,  (258), , , , ; but also ,. They are declared by the grammarians to have the accent on the radical syllable. They often occur in copulative composition with gerundives of the same root: thus, eatable and eater,  designated and designation, and so on.

b. That the derivatives in sometimes take an accusative object was pointed out above (271 c).

c. The corresponding feminine is made sometimes in or in, but more usually in : thus,  (with ), , ; compare secondary , below, 1222.

d. Derivatives in are made from a few roots: thus,, ; but very few occur in the older language: thus,  (above, a), , ,  (?), -,. With is made in RV. , from the causative stem: and the proper name  are of obscure connection.

e. Derivatives in and  will be treated below, in connection with those in  (1186 c).

1182. तृ (or तर् ). The derivatives made by this suffix, as regards both their mode of formation and their uses, have been the subject of remark more than once above (see 369 ff., 942 ff.). Agent-nouns are freely formed with it at every period of the language; these in the oldest language are very frequently used participially, governing an object in the accusative (271 d); later they enter into combination with an auxiliary verb, and, assuming a future