Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/472

 wind-god, life,  man, Manu; fem.,  (also masc.) arrow,  (also masc.) river,  or  body; neut.,  food.

d. Derivatives from reduplicated roots are:, , , , , - (unless this is made with or ),  (?), ,  or  and  (with final  lost),  (proper name), -; and , , - ,  (?) have the aspect of being similar formations.

e. A few derivatives are made from roots with prefixes, with various accentuation: for example, on-coming,  going to destruction,  a certain disease,  rein (directer),  dwelling together.

f. From tense-stems, apparently, are made thundering,  splitting, - finding, and (with aoristic )  and  (all RV.).

g. Participial adjectives in from desiderative "roots" (stems with loss of their final ) are sufficiently numerous in the ancient language (RV. has more than a dozen of them, AV. not quite so many) to show that the formation was already a regular one, extensible at will; and later such adjectives may be made from every desiderative. Examples (older) are:, , , , , , , ; with prefix, ; with anomalous accent,. These adjectives, both earlier and later, may take an object in the accusative (271 a).

h. A few similar adjectives are made in the older language from causatives: thus, (persistent),, , , , ; and  from the caus.-denom. .

i. Much more numerous, however, are such formations from the more proper denominatives, especially in the oldest language (RV. has toward eighty of them; AV. only a quarter as many, including six or eight which are not found in RV.; and they are still rarer in the Brāhmaṇas, and hardly met with later). In a majority of cases, personal verbal forms from the same denominative stem are in use: thus, for example, to, , , , , , , ; in others, only the present participle in , or the abstract noun in (1149 d), or nothing at all. A few are made upon denominative stems from pronouns: thus, (beside  and ),  or, , , and the more anomalous  and. Especially where no other denominative forms accompany the adjective, this has often the aspect of being made directly from the noun with the suffix, either with a meaning of seeking or desiring, or with a more general adjective sense: thus, seeking grain,  boar-hunting,  desiring the breast;  woolen,  youthful,  terrible. And so the "secondary suffix " wins a degree of standing and application as one forming derivative adjectives (as in and, above, and doubtless some others, even of the RV. words). In three RV. cases, the final of a noun-stem is even changed to  before it: namely,,  (and ; beside ),.