Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/470

 in value (like those made by the two preceding suffixes, but in much larger measure, and more decidedly).

a. A few general adjectives, or nouns with concrete meaning, are adaptations of this participle. Examples are: rough,  cold,  (for : 224 a) firm;  messenger,  charioteer;  right,  ghee,  kind,  gambling,  dance,  life,  behavior,  smile. The adjective (RV.) sharp shows anomalous reversion of palatal to guttural before the  (216 d). dear is a single example from a reduplicated root.

b. Doubtless after the example and model of participles from denominative stems (of which, however, no instances are quotable from the Veda — unless RV.), derivatives in  are in the later language made directly from noun and adjective-stems, having the meaning of endowed with, affected by, made to be, and the like (compare the similar English formation in ed, as horned, barefooted, bluecoated). Examples are furnished with a chariot,  pained,  flowered,  weakened,  indubitable, etc. etc.

c. A few words ending in are accented on the radical syllable, and their relation to the participial derivatives is very doubtful: such are  home,  mortal,  wind; and with them may be mentioned  high seat,  night,  hand. is commonly viewed as containing a suffix, but it doubtless comes from √ (-, like , ) and means originally course.

d. Several adjectives denoting color end in, but are hardly connectible with roots of kindred meaning: thus, gray,  black,  and  red,  green; akin with them are  variegated,  white. The feminines of these stems are in part irregular: thus, and ;  and, and  (but the corresponding masc.  also occurs); and , , and.

e. A small number of adjectives in the older language ending in are not to be separated from the participial words in, although their specific meaning is in part gerundive. They are: cooked,  and  seen, to be seen, worth seeing; and so, ,. The of  and  indicates pretty plainly that the  also is that of a present tense-stem. silvery is of more obscure relation to √ color; mountain must be secondary.

1177. न (and इन, उन ). The use of the suffix न in forming from certain roots participles equivalent to those in त, either alongside the latter or instead of them, was explained above, at 957.

a. With the same suffix are made a number of general adjectives, and of nouns of various gender (fem. in ). The accent is on the suffix