Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/469

 with which alone it is employed (not directly with the root, unless this is also used as tense-stem).

a. A few words of like origin, but used as independent adjectives, were given at 450. With the same or a formally identical suffix are made from pronominal roots and  (451, 517 a). And not double-tongued (RV., once), appears to contain a similar formation from the numeral  — unless we are to assume a denominative verb-stem as intermediate.

1173. वांस् (or वस् ). For the (perfect active) participles made with this suffix, see above, 802–6, and 458 ff.

a. A few words of irregular and questionable formation were noticed at 462, above. Also, apparent transfers to a form or. RV. vocalizes the once, in.

b. The oldest language (RV.) has a very few words in, of doubtful relations: and  skilful (beside words in  and ), and perhaps  (√). The neuter abstract breadth, room (belonging to  broad, in the same manner with  and ), is quite isolated. MBh. makes a nominative, as if from instead of.

1174. मान. The participles having this ending are, as has been seen (584 b), present and future only, and have the middle, or the derived passive, value belonging in general to the stems to which the suffix is attached.

1175. आन. The participles ending in आन are of middle and passive value, like those just noticed, and either present, perfect, or (partly with the form सान : above, 897 b) aorist.

a. A few other words ending in the same manner in the old language may be mentioned here. The RV. has the adjectives, , , , apparently made on the model of participial stems. Also the proper names, , and and. abyss is doubtful; (RV., once) is probably a false reading;  is of doubtful character.

1176. त. The use of this suffix in forming participles directly from the root, or from a conjugational (not a tense) stem, was explained above, 952–6. The participles thus made are in part intransitive, but in great part passive