Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/459

 d. With unstrengthened root (or root incapable of -change): enemy,  great,  beam,  knot,  playing; with -increment,, , -, , , , -, and a few words of obscure connections: thus,  mantle,  heap,  hand, etc. The isolated - appears to come from the perfect-stem (788) of √.

e. With reduplicated root. This is in the older language a considerable class, of quite various form. Thus: with weak or abbreviated root,, (√), , , , , , , - (√), -, , , , -; and, with displacement of final  (or its weakening to the semblance of the suffix), , ,  (with a case or two from ), -, ; — from the -form of roots in changeable , , ,  ( SV.); — with simple reduplication, , , ; — with strengthened reduplication, -, , , , ,  and , , ; and  and. And lute and  drum have the aspect of belonging to the same class, but are probably onomatopoetic. The accent, it will be noticed, is most often on the reduplication, but not seldom elsewhere (only once on the root). It was noticed above (271 f) that these reduplicated derivatives in not seldom take an object in the accusative, like a present participle.

f. Formations in from the root compounded with prefixes are not at all numerous. They are accented usually on the suffix. Examples arc:, , , , ; but also , ,. As compounded with other preceding words, the adjectives or agent-nouns in are not rare, and are regularly accented on the root: see the next chapter, 1276.

g. From √ comes a derivative -, forming many masculine compounds, with the value both of an abstract and a concrete: thus, with prefixes,, , , , etc. From √ is made in like manner beginning, and from √,  resistance. Opinions are at variance as to whether such forms are to be regarded as made with the suffix, displacing the radical , or with weakening of to.

3. h. Neuter nouns in are few, and of obscure derivation: examples are  eye,  bone,  curds, etc.

1156. ई. Stems in ई (like those in आ, above, 1149) are for the most part feminine adjectives, corresponding to masculines and neuters of other terminations.

a. Thus, feminines in are made from -stems (332, 334: and see also the different suffixes), from -stems (344, 346), from -stems (344 b), from -stems (376 a), and from various consonant-stems (378 a).

b. But there are also a few stems in wearing the aspect of independent derivatives. Examples are, , , , ,