Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/458

 1153. इस्. With the suffix is formed a small number (about a dozen) of nouns.

a. They are in part nouns of action, but most are used concretely. The radical syllable has the -strengthening, and the accent is on the suffix (except in light,, and , raw meat). Examples are:, , and light,  or  cover,  straw,  track,  butter,  oblation,  light, and  raw flesh. -,, -, and - are isolated variants of stems in ; and -, -, and - appear inorganically for etc. in a few compounds or derivatives.

1154. उस्. With this suffix are made a few words, of various meaning, root-form, and accent.

a. They are words signifying both action and agent. A few have both meanings, without difference of accent: thus, heat and hot;  wound and sore;  brightness and seeing, eye;  wonderful and wonder. The nouns are mostly neuter, and accented on the root-syllable: thus,, , , (? only adverbial),  (do.), , ; exceptions are: in regard to accent,  birth; in regard to gender,  man, and , proper name. Of adjectives, are accented on the ending, , and burning (which appears to attach itself to the aorist-stem).

1155. इ. With this suffix are formed a large body of derivatives, of all genders: adjectives and masculine agent-nouns, feminine abstracts, and a few neuters. They show a various form of the root: strong, weak, and reduplicated. Their accent is also various. Many of them have meanings much specialized; and many (including most of the neuters) are hardly to be connected with any root elsewhere demonstrable.

1. a. The feminine action-nouns are of very various form: thus, with weak root-form, brightness,  sheen;  ploughing,  dance; — with -strengthening (where possible),  pain,  heat,  and  gain; — with -strengthening,  seizure,  course,  race; from √ comes  (compare, 1042 b). The variety of accent, which seems reducible to no rule, is illustrated by the examples given. The few infinitively used words of this formation (above, 975 b) have a weak root-form, with accent on the ending.

2. b. The adjectives and masculine agent-nouns exhibit the same variety. Thus:

c. With unstrengthened root: bright,  lively (√),  container.