Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/452

 instances are met with of the same form having the one or the other value according to its accent: thus, haste,  hasting;  order,  orderer (other examples are, , : compare a similar difference with other derivatives in , , , ). But exceptions are numerous — thus, for example,, , , action-nouns; , , , agent-nouns — and the subject calls for a much wider and deeper investigation than it has yet received, before the accentuation referred to can be set up as a law of the language in derivation.

2. e. With -strengthening of the root — but only where is the resulting radical vowel: that is, of medial, and of final  (most often),  or ,  or  (rare).

f. Examples of action-nouns are: love,  share,  noise,  fire,  crossing. Very few forms of clear derivation and meaning are quotable with accent on the root-syllable.

g. Examples of agent-nouns are: seizing,  carrying,  leading,  lover.

3. h. With unstrengthened root, the examples are few: e. g. lean,  rapid,  yoke,  spoon,  dear,  troop,  bright.

i. A number of words of this class, especially as occurring in composition, are doubtless results of the transfer of root-stems to the a-declension: e. g. -, -, -, -, -, -.

j. A few -stems are made, especially in the older language, from conjugation-stems, mostly causative: thus, -,, -, -, -, -, -, - (compare the -stems, 1149 c, d); also desiderative, as (compare 1038). Occasional examples also occur from tense-stems: thus, from -stems, or secondary stems made from such,, -, -, -, -, -, -; from others, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -; from future-stems, (JB.), , ,  (?); apparently from aorist-stems, , -, ,  (?), -.

4. k. Derivatives in a from a reduplicated root-form are a considerable class, mostly occurring in the older language. They are sometimes made with a simple reduplication: thus,, , , , , -, , , (an action-noun), ; but oftener with an intensive reduplication: thus, merely strengthened, , -, , , ,  (?), -,  and , , , , -, ; with consonant added, --, -, , , -, , -, -, , -, -, , ; dissyllabic, -, ,  and , , , , , , , , , , -,