Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/451

 b. In a small number of words, mostly of rare occurrence, the reduplicated root is used without suffix.

c. The Vedic cases are: with simple reduplication,, , , and , , and perhaps  and ; with intensive reduplication, -, , , and  and  (with the intensive instead of the usual radical accent). In is seen a transfer to the -declension. is probably to be understood as a compound, -.

d. If the root end in a short vowel, a is regularly and usually added (383f–h).

e. Examples have been given at the place just quoted. In the  is added to the mutilated form of √ reduplicated, and  (TS., once) appears to put it after a long vowel. In a single instance, (RV.) of listening ears, a stem of this class occurs as prior member of a compound.

f. Words of this form in combination with verbal prefixes are very numerous. The accent rests (as in combination of the same with other preceding elements) on the root-stem.

g. A few exceptions in point of accent occur: thus,, ; and, with other irregularities of form, , ,.

1148. अ. With the suffix अ is made an immensely large and heterogeneous body of derivatives, of various meaning and showing various treatment of the root: -strengthening, -strengthening, retention unchanged, and reduplication.

In good part, they are classifiable under the two usual general heads; but in part they have been individualized into more special senses.

1. a. With -strengthening of the root (where that is possible: 235, 240). These are the great majority, being more than twice as numerous as all others together.

b. Many nomina actionis: as, weariness,  seizure,  movement,  knowledge,  call,  wrath,  enjoyment,  crossing,  emission.

C. Many nomina agentis: as, patient,  constrictor,  living,  cloud,  inciting,  boat,  brook,  serpent,  generous,  devouring.

d. Of the examples here given, those under b accent the radical syllable, and those under c the ending. And this is in perhaps a majority of cases the fact as regards the two classes of derivatives; so that, taken in connection with kindred facts as to other suffixes, it hints at such a difference of accent as a general tendency of the language. A few sporadic