Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/449

 from √,  from √,  from √; and so on. But the latter is only allowed under such circumstances as leave long as the resulting vowel: that is to say, with non-final, and with a final - or -vowel and  before a vowel: thus,  from √,  from √ or ,  from √,  from √,  from √,  from √; such strengthening as would make  and  does not accompany primary derivation.

b. Strengthening in derivation does not stand in any such evident connection with accent as strengthening in conjugation; nor can any general rules be laid down as to its occurrence; it has to he pointed out in detail for each suffix. So also with other vowel-changes, which are in general accordance with those found in inflection and in the formation of tense- and mode-stems.

c. The reversion of a final palatal or to a guttural has been already noticed (216). A final or  is occasionally lost, as in formations already considered.

d. After a short final vowel is sometimes added a : namely, where a root is used as stem without suffix (1147 d), and before a following or  of  (1169),  and  (1171),  once (1165 a), and  (1213 a). The presence of before these suffixes appears to indicate an original secondary derivation from derivatives in  and.

e. The root is sometimes reduplicated: rarely in the use without suffix (1147 c, e); oftenest before (1148 k),  (1155 e),  (1178 d); but also before other suffixes, as  (1149 e),  (1150 m),  (1170 a),  and  (1169 d, 1171 a, b),  (1170 b),  (1193),  (1193 b),  (1159 b),  (1183 a),  (1196 a),  (1176 a),  (1157 d),  (1163 a),  (1182 b),  (1185 f),  (1180 f),  (1181 a),  (1186 c),  (1166 b).

1144. Accent. No general laws governing the place of the accent are to be recognized; each suffix must in this respect be considered by itself.

a. In connection with a very few suffixes is to be recognized a certain degree of tendency to accent the root in case of a nomen actionis or infinitival derivative, and the ending in the case of a nomen agentis or participial derivative: see the suffixes, , , , and , below, where the examples are considered. Differences of accent in words made by the same suffix are also occasionally connected with differences of gender: see the suffixes and.

1145. Meaning. As regards their signification, the primary derivatives fall in general into two great classes, the one indicating the action expressed by the verbal root, the other the person or thing in which the action appears, the agent or actor — the latter, either substantively or adjectively. The one class is more abstract, infinitival; the other is more concrete, participial. Other meanings