Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/445

 (1098 ff.), may properly be regarded as conjunctions; and a few other particles of kindred value, as and  (1111 a).

1133. Purely of conjunctive value are च and, and वा  or (both toneless, and never having the first place in a sentence or clause).

a. Of copulative value, along with, is in the older language especially (later it becomes a particle of more indefinite use); and , , , , with other particles and combinations of particles, are used often as connective of clauses.

b. Adversative is but (rare in the older language); also, less strongly,  (toneless).

c. Of illative value is for (originally, and in great part at every period, asseverative only): compare above, 1122 b.

d. To (as well as to its compound ) belongs occasionally the meaning if.

e. It is needless to enter into further detail with regard to those uses which may be not less properly, or more properly, called conjunctive than adverbial, of the particles already given, under the head of Adverbs.

1134. The utterances which may be classed as interjections are, as in other languages, in part voice-gestures, in part onomatopœias, and in part mutilations and corruptions of other parts of speech.

1135. a. Of the class of voice-gestures are, for example:, , , , , (AV.), , ,  (RV.), ,  (RV.),  (RV.) or , and (probably)  and  (RV.).

b. Onomatopoetic or imitative utterances are, for example (in the older language): whiz (of an arrow: RV.);  (palpitation: RV.);  and  (?) or  splash (AV.);  bow-wow (AV.);  pat (AV.);, , , and  (PB.); and see the words already quoted in composition with the roots  and , above, 1091.

c. Nouns and adjectives which have assumed an interjectional character are, for example: (for the vocative, 456);  or  (voc. of  enemy};  alas! (may be mere voice-gesture, but perhaps related with √);  woe is me!  thank heaven!  hail! ,  good, excellent! None of these are Vedic in interjectional use.