Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/444

 and above (oftener with genitive). Less accordant with ordinary accusative constructions is the use of this case with, , , , beside other cases which seem more suited to the meaning of those particles. And the same may be said of most of the adverbial case-forms with which the accusative is used. Thus, a number of instrumentals of situation or direction: as (TB.) those who are below the sun, those who are beyond the sun;  (ÇB.) within the womb;  (AB.) for all this universe is between them;  (ÇB.) to the north of the householder's fire;  (ÇB.) to the south of the sacrificial hearth;  (Ç.) to the right of the orchard;  (Har.) near the Yamunā. Similarly, and  have an accusative object as well as an ablative; and the same is true later of. toward has a more natural right to construction with this case.

1130. The Genitive. The words which are accompanied by the genitive are mostly case-forms of nouns, or of adjectives used substantively, retaining enough of the noun-character to take this case as their natural adjunct. Such are the locatives in front of,  near,  and  for the sake of,  and  by reason of,  in the midst of; and other cases, as, , ,. And really, although less directly and obviously, of the same character are other adjective cases (some of them showing other constructions, already noticed): as, and ,  and , , , , ,. More questionable, and illustrations rather of the general looseness of use of the genitive, are its constructions (almost wholly unknown in the oldest language) with more proper words of direction: thus, with the derivative, , and , and and  (these found in the Brāhmaṇa language: as,  after a year;  before the hymn [AB.]); with , , , ; with  above (common later); and with.

1131. The conjunctions, also, as a distinct class of words, are almost wanting.

a. The combination of clauses is in Sanskrit in general of a very simple character; much of what in other Indo-European languages is effected by subordinating conjunctions is here managed by means of composition of words, by the use of the gerunds (994), of (1102), of abstract nouns in case-forms, and so on.

1132. The relative derivative adverbs, already given