Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/443

 in me; — and  are much rarer: thus,  [] (RV.) who are in the domain of the waters;  [] (RV.) who are up yonder in the sun; —  along with is not rare in RV., but almost entirely unknown later: thus,  staying with her parents.

1127. The Instrumental. The directives used with this case are almost only those which contain the associative pronominal root : as (most frequent),, , , , ; and, in the Veda, the prefix : as,  (RV.) may we be united with thy favors as men with their spouses. By substitution of the instrumental for the ablative of separation (283 a), without (not Vedic) takes sometimes the instrumental; and so, in the Veda,  down and  beyond, with which the ablative is also, and much more normally, construed. And, in RV., is used with the instrumental and , where the locative would be expected.

1128. The Ablative. In the prepositional constructions of the ablative (as was pointed out and partly illustrated above, 293), the ablative value of the case, and the merely directive value of the added particle, are for the most part clearly to be traced. Many of the verbal prefixes are more or less frequently joined in the older language with this case: oftenest, and ; more sporadically,, , , , and the separatives  and. The change of meaning of the ablative with hither, by which it comes to fill the office of its opposite, the accusative, was sufficiently explained above (293 c). Of directive words akin with the prefixes, many — as, , , , , , , and out of knowledge of — accompany this case by a perfectly regular construction. Also the case-forms, , , , , , and without, of which the natural construction with an ablative is predominant earlier.

1129. The Accusative. Many of the verbal prefixes and related words take an accompanying accusative. Most naturally (since the accusative is essentially the to-case), those that express a motion or action toward anything: as, , , , , and  in the sense of over on to, or across, beyond,  through,  and  when meaning between,  around. Examples are: (AV.) what quarters the sun looks abroad unto;  (RV.) Agni has been awakened to meet the advancing dawn;  (MBh.) she might go somewhither to her own people;  (MBh.) him I will ask with reference to the king;  (AV.) follow after my mind with your minds;  (AV.) come hither to us;  (RV.) come hither unto us;  (AV.) the god who is beyond mortals;  (AV.) excelling above others in glory. Also and, which have a like value with the simple  and ;