Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/441

 are, or , , ,. Some of the asseverative particles are much used in the later artificial poetry with a purely expletive value, as devices to help make out the metre ( verse-fillers); so especially, , ,.

c. Negative particles are:, signifying simple negation; , signifying prohibition.

d. As to the construction of the verb with, see above, 579. In the Veda, (or : 248 a) has also sometimes a negative meaning. For the Vedic of comparison, see below, g, h.

e. In, is combined with , both elements retaining their full meaning; also with  in  lest. It is perhaps present in and, but not in  (RV., once). In general, neither nor  is used in composition to make negative compounds, but, instead, the inseparable negative prefix  or  (1121 a): exceptions are the Vedic particles  and,  and ; also  and , , and, in the later language, a number of others.

f. Interrogative particles are only those already given:, , , , , of which the last introduces an objection or expostulation.

g. Of particles of comparison have been mentioned the toneless, and (also toneless when used in the same way). Of frequent occurrence in the oldest language is also, having (without loss of accent) the same position and value as the preceding.

h. Examples of the of comparison are:  (RV.) let loose your enmity like an arrow at the enemy of the singer;  (AV.) as birds to the tree;  (RV.) drink like a thirsty buffalo. This use is generally explained as being a modification or adaptation of the negative one: thus, [although, to be sure] not [precisely] a thirsty buffalo; and so on.

i. Of particles of place, besides those already mentioned, may be noticed where? (in V., always to be read ).

j. Particles of time are: now (also :  was mentioned above, 1109 a),  and  and  (RV., once) today, at once (all held to contain the element  or ),  yesterday,  tomorrow,  (also related with ) long;  again.

k. Of particles of manner, besides those already mentioned, may be noticed variously (for, its derivative, see 1109 a);  (RV.) secretly.

l. In the above classifications are included all the Vedic adverbial words, and most of those of the later language: for the rest, see the dictionaries.