Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/440

 c. In a very few cases, the negative appears to be made long: thus,  non-existent,  godless,  enemy,  impurity,  ill (?).

d. The independent negative adverbs, and, are only in exceptional instances used in composition: see below, 1122e.

e. The comitative prefix, used instead of the preposition , and interchangeably with , before nouns and adjectives.

f. The prefix of dispraise ill, badly (identical with √: 225 a).

g. It is combined in the same manner as or. Of combinations with a verbal form, at least a single example appears to be quotable: (R.) behave ill.

h. The corresponding laudatory prefix well is in general so closely accordant in its use with the preceding that it is best mentioned here, though it occurs not rarely as an independent particle in the oldest language (in RV., more than two hundred times; in the peculiar parts of AV., only fourteen times), and even occasionally later.

i. The particle sometimes appears in B. and later before a verb-form, and considering its rapid loss of independent use in V., and the analogy of  and  (above, b, g) it is probably at least in part to be regarded as in composition with the verb. The -text of AV. xix. 49. 10 reads -, but its testimony is of little or no value. K. has and, and KeU. has ; TB. has (?); MBh. and BhP. have ; R. has.

j. The exclamatory and usually depreciative prefixed forms of the interrogative pronoun (506) are most analogous with the inseparable prefixes.

1122. Miscellaneous Adverbs. Other words of adverbial character and office, not clearly referable to any of the classes hitherto treated, may be mentioned as follows:

a. Asseverative particles (in part, only in the older language): thus,, , , , (rare in older language), ,  (in Brāhmaṇa language only), , , , , , , , ,.

b. Of these, is a word of assent and incitement;  has won also an illative meaning, and accents the verb with which it stands in connection (595 e);  sometimes appears to give a past meaning to a present tense (778 b);  is often combined with the final  of other particles: thus,, , , , , ; but also with that of verb-forms, as ,. The final thus produced is  or uncombinable (138 c). Particles of kindred value, already mentioned above,