Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/437

 e. g., , , ,. In the oldest language (RV. and AV.), the neuter instead of the feminine form of these suffixes is almost alone in use: see 1119.

f. Many adverbs of obscure form or connection are to be explained with probability as accusatives of obsolete noun or adjective stems: examples are in silence;  at evening;  together, with (prep.);  or  sufficient (in the later language used with √ in the manner of a prefix: 1078 a);  usually;  somewhat;  unexpectedly;  outside;  and,  and , , and so on. etc., and (in RV.), are perhaps contracted forms of adjectives having √ or  as their final (407 ff.). The presence of other roots as final members is also probable for, and ,  and , , etc. Compare also the forms in  beside those in , above, 1101 a, 1102 e, 1103 b.

g. In (Vedic) quickly is to be seen a change of accent for the adverbial use (pple  running); and  stoutly (RV., once) may be another example. The comparative and superlative suffixes (above, e) show a like change; and it is also to be recognized in the derivatives with (1107).

1112. The instrumental is also often used with adverbial value: generally in the singular, but sometimes also in the plural. Thus:

a. Of pronominal stems: as, and, , , ,.

b. Of noun-stems: as, instantly;  completely;  especially;  by day;  fortunately;  suddenly;  by night; and so on.

c. Of adjectives, both neuter (not distinguishable from masculine) and feminine: as, wholly;  mostly;  to the south;  to the north;  within;  long; —  and  slowly;  on high;  below;  afar;  mightily; and so on.

d. More doubtful cases, mostly from the older language, may be instanced as follows:, , , and (all RV.), homonymous instrumentals from nouns in ; , , , , , ,  (?),  (not V.),  (B. and later).

e. Adverbially used instrumentals are (in the older language), oftener than any other case, distinguished from normal instrumentals by differences of form: thus, especially, by an irregular accent: as, and  (given above); perhaps ;, ,  (?); , , ; , , ,  (?); , ; , , , , ; ; — in a few -stems, by a  inserted before the ending, which is accented: thus,  (given above), , , , ,