Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/421

 d. Excepted are the roots and, and those beginning with  before two consonants (and taking  as reduplication: 788).

e. The roots (that is, stems reckoned by the grammarians as roots) of more than one syllable have their perfect of this formation: thus,. But (713) is said to form  only; while  (1020) makes a perfect of either formation, and  (1024 a) is said to do the same.

f. A few other roots make the periphrastic in addition to the usual reduplicated perfect. Thus, in the older language only are found the stems, , , (√ dwell),  (√ know), , and the reduplicated stems  and ; the later language adds , , , , , , and the reduplicated ; and the grammarians teach like formations from , , and the reduplicating. The stem is made in every case from the present-stem, with of a final vowel.

1072. The periphrastic perfect of the middle voice is made with the middle inflection of √कृ. For passive use, the auxiliaries अस् and भू  are said to be allowed to take a middle inflection.

a. One or two late examples of with middle inflection have been pointed out, but none of.

b. It is unnecessary to give a paradigm of this formation, as the inflection of the auxiliaries is the same as in their independent use: for that of √, see 800 k; of √, see 800 d; of √, see 800m.

c. The connection of the noun and auxiliary is not so close that other words are not occasionally allowed to come between them: thus, (ÇB.) he merely speculated;  (JB.) he verily knew this;  who made Naghusha fall headlong (Rgh.).

1073. The above is an account of the periphrastic formation with a derivative noun in as it appears especially in the later language; earlier, its aspect is rather that of a more general, but quite infrequent, combination of such a noun with various forms of the root. Thus:

a. Of the periphrastic perfect occurs only a single example in the whole body of Vedic texts (metrical): namely, (AV.). In the Brāhmaṇas examples from causative stems begin to appear more freely, but are everywhere few in number, except in ÇB. (which has them from twenty-four roots, and a few of these in several occurrences). From desiderative stems they are yet rarer (only seven occurrences, five of them in ÇB.: see 1034 a); and from intensives they are unknown. The periphrastic perfects of primary conjugation were noted above (1071 f: in ÇB.,