Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/413



a. It has been mentioned above that RV. and AV. contain only two examples each of the -future, and none of the periphrastic. The former begin to appear in the Brāhmaṇas more numerously, but still sparingly, with participles, and conditional (only ÇB.;  ChU.); of the latter, ÇB. affords two instances ( and ). Examples of both formations are quotable from the later language (including the middle form ).

1051. Verbal Nouns and Adjectives. These are made in two different ways: either 1. from the full causative stem (in the same manner as the futures, just described); or 2. from the causatively strengthened root-form (with loss of the causative-sign).

a. To the latter class belong the passive participle, as ; the gerundive and gerund in, as , -; and the gerund in , as ; also, in the older language, the root-infinitive, as - etc. (970 a). To the former class belong the infinitive and the gerund in, as , , and the gerundive in , as (also, in the older language, the infinitives in  and , as , , etc.). The auxiliary is taken in every formation which ever admits that vowel.

b. Examples of the passive participle are, ,. But from the quasi-root (1042 j) is made, without union-vowel.

c. Examples of the infinitive and gerund in are, ; ,. But in the epics, and even later, infinitives are occasionally made with loss of the causative-sign: e. g., , ,.

d. Examples of the gerunds in and  are -, -, -, -,, -; -, -. But stems showing in the root-syllable no difference from the root retain of the causative-sign in the gerund, to distinguish it from that belonging to the primary conjugation: e. g. -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -.

e. Examples of the gerundive in are, , ; of that in , , , ; of that in , ,.