Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/408

. From a number of roots, stems both with and without the nasal are made: thus (besides those mentioned above, g), and  and  and,  and  and  and  and. In a few of these is seen the influence of present-stems.

i. Most roots in final, and the root , add before the conjugation-sign: thus, ;.

j. Such stems are made in the older language from the roots sing (also ),  give,  divide,  run,  put and  suck,  measure,  blow,  remove; the later language adds, and  leave. From and  are found in AV. and later the shortened forms and, and from  only  (not in RV.). Also, in the later language, forms, and  forms.

k. Stems from -roots showing no are, earlier,  (also ) from √ sing,  from √ drink (or ),  from √ or ;  from √ (or ); also, later,  from √ (or ); — and further, from roots  weave,, and  (or ), according to the grammarians.

l. The same is taken also by a few - and -roots, with other accompanying irregularities: thus, in the older language,  (RV., beside ) from √ possess;  (VS. and later) from √;  (TB. and later; later also ) from √ cling;  (VS., once) from √;  (S. and later) from +√; — in the later,  (beside ) from √ destroy;  from √;  (beside ) from √;  from √; — and the grammarians make further  from √;  (beside ) from √ gather;  (beside  and ) from √;  from √, and  from √. Moreover, √ makes (B. and later) beside  (V. and later), and √ makes  (late).

m. More anomalous cases, in which the so-called causative is palpably the denominative of a derived noun, are: from √ protect;  from √;  (according to grammarians) from √;  (not causative in sense) from √;  from √;  from √;  from √ or.

n. In the Prakrit, the causative stem is made from all roots by the addition of (the equivalent of) ; and a number (about a dozen) of like formations are quotable from Sanskrit texts, mostly of the latest period; but three,, and , occur in the epics; and two, and , even in the Sūtras.

1043. Inflection: Present-System. The causative stem is inflected in the present-system precisely like other