Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/407

 a. Medial or initial have the -strengthening (if capable of it: 240; thus,  from √ from √ from √; and  from √ (only example): but.

b. But a few roots lack the strengthening: these are, in the older language, ( and ),  ( and ),  ( and ),  ( and ),  ( and ),  ( and ),  ( and ),  ( and ), ; and  makes in RV. . and  lengthen the vowel instead. sometimes has, as in other forms: thus, (beside ). On the other hand, appears irregularly (240 b) in  (beside ),. Similar irregularities in the later language are (also ),  (also ),. No forms in the older language.

c. A final vowel has the -strengthening: thus,.

d. But no root in or  has  in the Veda (unless  [k, below] comes from  rather than ) — as, indeed, regular causatives from such roots are hardly quotable: only RV. has (beside ) from √ possess; for a few alternatively permitted forms, see below, l. In B. and S., however, occur  and  (√ or ); and later -.

e. A few roots have a form also with -strengthening: thus, separate, ;  waste away,  pierce, ;  choose makes  later (it is not found in V.: epic also ).

f. A medial or initial in a light syllable is sometimes lengthened, and sometimes remains unchanged: thus, ;  (but ).

g. The roots in the older language which keep their short are  ( once in RV.),  (usually ),  please (also ),  (also ),  (also ),  (also ),. In the later language, further, ring,. Both forms are made (either in the earlier or in the later language, or in both taken together) by be quiet,. The roots which lengthen the vowel are decidedly the more numerous.

h. If a nasal is taken in any of the strong forms of a root, it usually appears in the causative stem: e. g. ,