Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/401

 c. Before, a final - or - or -vowel necessarily, and a penultimate or  or  optionally, have the -strengthening; no examples are quotable from the older texts; later occur ; ; but.

More special exceptions are:

d. A few roots in weaken this vowel to  or even : thus,  from √ go;  (beside ) from √ drink,  (AV.) from √ remove (: 664);  (beside ) from √.

e. A few roots in or  lengthen the vowel: thus,  (beside ) from √;  from √;  from √; and  from √.

f. Reversion to guttural form of an initial after the reduplication is seen in from √ from √ from √ from √; and √ is said to make  (no occurrence).

g. The roots and  make  and, from the root-forms  and.

h. The root forms  (ÇB.:, VS.); and the other roots in  (765) are required to make the same change before , and to have  before : thus,  or  from √. forms. forms.

i. Initial is usually left unchanged to  after the reduplication when the desiderative sign has  (184 e): thus,  (ÇB.: √), and  and, according to the grammarians; but  is met with.

j. Further may be mentioned as prescribed by the grammarians: (or ) from √ be lost;  from √ (occurs in );  (or ) from √.

1029. The consonant of the reduplication follows the general rules (590); the vowel is इ if the root has an -vowel, or ऋ, or an -vowel; it is उ  if the root has an -vowel. But:

a. A few roots have a long vowel in the reduplicating syllable: thus, from √ or ;  from √; and  (RV.) from √;  (AV.) and  (C.) are probably false forms.

b. From √ is made (ÇB.), and from √ (VS.) (with a mode of reduplication like that followed sometimes in the reduplicating aorist: 862). In the older language, these are the only roots with initial vowel which form a desiderative stem, except and, which have abbreviated stems: see the next paragraph. In the later language occur further (√ seek) and  (√); and the grammarians add others, as  (√),  (√),  (√).