Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/398



1018. The grammarians are at variance as to whether a perfect may be formed directly from the intensive stem, or whether only a periphrastic perfect (below, 1070 ff.) is to be admitted.

a. No example of an intensive periphrastic perfect has anywhere come to light (except from : 1020 a). A few unmistakable perfect forms are made from the intensively reduplicated root in RV.: namely, and, 3d sing., and , 3d pl.; and there occur further  (TS.),  and  (MS.), and  (? ÇB.), all used in the sense of presents. To them may be added 1st sing. and 3d sing.: but as to these, see below, 1020 a.

1019. As to the remaining parts of a full verbal conjugation, also, the grammarians are not agreed (occurrences of such forms, apparently, being too rare to afford even them any basis for rules); in general, it is allowed to treat the intensive stem further as a root in filling up the scheme of forms, using always the auxiliary vowel इ where it is ever used in the simple conjugation.

a. Thus, from √, intensive stem, would be made the aorist with precative , the futures  and , the participles , etc., the infinitive , and the gerunds  and -. And, where the intensive conjugation is the derivative middle one, the aorist and futures would take the corresponding middle form.

b. Of all this, in the ancient language, there is hardly a trace. The RV. has, 3d sing. mid., of a formation like and  (894 d), and the gerundives, and  and ; and ÇB. has the participle, and the infinitive. As to and, see the next paragraph.

1020. There are systems of inflection of certain roots, the intensive character of which is questioned or questionable. Thus:

a. The root (or ) wake has from the first no present-system save one with intensive reduplication; and its intensive stem,, begins early to assume the value of a root, and form a completer conjugation; while by the grammarians this stem is reckoned as if simple and belonging to the root-class, and is inflected throughout accordingly. Those of its forms which occur in the older language have been given along with