Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/392

 Examples are: ; (√ or ),  (√ or ),  (√ or ),  (√),  (√). The nasal is assimilated to the initial consonant.

c. Only roots having or  as vowel make this form of reduplication, but with such roots it is more common than either of the other forms.

d. Irregular formations of this class are: with a final other than or  in the reduplication, ; with a final nasal in the reduplication which is not found in the root,  (RV.),  (ÇB.; and  PB. is perhaps from √; the later language has further ); with an anomalous initial consonant in reduplication,  from √ (compare the Vedic perfect  from √, 789 b),  from √; with various treatment of an  or -element,  and,  and  and  and  and.

e. The roots and  are the only ones with vowel initial forming an intensive stem:  makes  (? PU., once);  makes the irregular  or. As to the stem, see below, 1021 b.

III. f. The reduplication is dissyllabic, an -vowel being added after a final consonant of the reduplicating syllable. This -vowel is in the older language short before a double consonant, and long before a single.

Examples are: (but ), ;  (and the participles  but ). A single exception as to the quantity of the is.

g. This method of reduplication is followed in the older language by about thirty roots. Thus, of roots having final or penultimate (once ), and  in the reduplicating syllable, ; ; ; of roots having final or medial, and  in the reduplicating syllable,  make, ; also  ; — further, of roots assuming in the reduplication a  not found in the root, only  (ÇB.: the grammarians allow also ; and  is quotable later; and AÇS. has , for which TB. reads ); finally, of roots having  or  as radical vowel, with  before the -vowel,.

h. In this class, the general rules as to the form of the reduplicating consonant (590) are violated in the case of and, and of  (but the regular  also occurs), , and  (but also  occurs); also in.

i. The reversion to more original guttural form after the reduplication in, and and , is in accordance with what takes place elsewhere (216 l).