Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/385

 in a short vowel takes त्य instead of य : thus, जित्य -, स्तुत्य -, कृत्य -.

a. Roots in variable (242) change that vowel to  or : thus,  (and ),  (also ); — roots in  have for the most part -; but  suck makes, and double forms are found from  sing ,  drink ,  give ,  divide ,  measure, exchange ,  bind ;  cling has  or , as if an -verb; and  and  make  and , from their -forms; — the roots in  and  making their participle in  (954 d) make the gerund in , but also later in  (e. g. ; but  makes as second form , and from  only  is quotable); — the roots in  add  to their -form: thus, ; — a few roots in  and  add  to the lengthened vowel besides adding : thus,  go (also ),  gather , and  unite,  (, etc.); while  destroy has only.

b. This gerund, though accented on the root-syllable, is generally a weakening formation: thus are made, without a strengthening nasal found in some other forms, ; with weakening of other kinds, and,  ( dwell), ; — but from a number of roots are made both a stronger and a weaker form: thus,  and  and  and  and  and  and  and ; — and only strong forms are found from roots  , as well as from certain roots with a constant nasal: e. g. ; isolated cases are  (√ burn),  (also ).

c. Other special cases are and  (√ remove),  and,  and ,  and ,  and ,  (beside , ),  and ; and  (beside ).

993. The older language has the same two gerund formations, having the same distinction, and used in the same way.

a. In RV., however, the final of is in the great majority of instances (fully two thirds) long (as if the instrumental ending of a derivative noun in  or ). In AV., long appears only once in a RV. passage.

b. Instead of alone, the Veda has three forms of the suffix, namely, and. Of these three, is decidedly the commonest in RV. (thirty-five occurrences, against twenty-one of ); but it is