Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/384

 b. The prefixion of the negative particle, or, does not cause the gerund to take the form in : thus,  (but R. has ). Of compounds with other than verbal prefixes, RV. has ; AV. has further.

991. The suffix त्वा has the accent. It is usually added directly to the root, but often also with interposition of the auxiliary vowel इ — with regard to which, as well as to the form of the root before it, the formation nearly agrees with that of the participle in त  (952 ff.).

a. Examples of the general accordance of passive participle, infinitive, and gerund in regard to the use of were given above, 968 a; further specifications are called for, as follows:

b. The quotable roots in variable (242) change it to : thus,  (also ); and  makes also  (like ); — roots in  show in general the same weakening as in the participle; but from  put is quotable only, from  measure  and , from  give only , from ; — of roots in  and  and  make forms both with and without  (as in the infinitive), but  has  and , and  and  make  and.

c. The auxiliary vowel is taken by roots, and  (whose participles have both forms); also by  , , and  (against analogy of pple); and  makes. On the other hand, from  and   come  and. And both forms are made (as also in infinitive or participle) from dwell,  , and.

d. While the formation is in general one requiring, like the passive participle (e. g., like ; , like ), a weak or weakened root, there are some cases in which it is made from a strong or strengthened root-form. Thus (besides the instances already given: ), we find (Āpast.),, and , and, from a number of roots, a second strong form beside the more regular weak one: namely,  (beside  etc.);  (beside  etc.);  (beside ), and  (beside ). The last shows the influence of the present-stem; as do also (above) and  (√). The form (Āpast.) is doubtless a false reading, for.

992. The suffix य is added directly to the root, which is accented, but has its weak form. A root ending