Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/373

 b. Possessives also in made from passive participles are sometimes found used in an analogous manner, nearly as perfect active participles: e. g.  having sacrificed,  (AB.) thinking themselves to have conquered.

961. Certain derivative adjectives (for the most part more or less clearly secondary derivatives) have acquired in the language a value as qualifying something which is to, or which ought to, suffer the action expressed by the root from which they come; and they are allowed to be made from every verb. Hence they are, like more proper participles, sometimes treated as a part of the general verbal system, and called future passive participles, or gerundives (like the Latin forms in ndus, to which they correspond in meaning).

962. The suffixes by which such gerundives are regularly and ordinarily made are three: namely य, तव्य , and अनीय.

a. Derivatives in having this value are made in all periods of the language, from the earliest down; the other two are of more modern origin, being entirely wanting in the oldest Veda (RV.), and hardly known in the later. Other derivatives of a similar character, which afterward disappear from use, are found in the Veda (966).

963. The suffix in its gerundive use has nothing to distinguish it from the same suffix as employed to make adjectives and nouns of other character (see below, 1213). And it exhibits also the same variety in the treatment of the root.

a. The original value of the suffix is, and as such it has to be read in the very great majority of its Vedic occurrences. Hence the conversion of and  to  and  before it (see below).

b. Thus: 1. Final becomes  before the suffix:  (perhaps  etc., with euphonic  interposed); but RV. has once. — 2. The other vowels either remain unchanged, or have the or the  strengthening; and  usually and  always are treated before the  as they would be before a vowel: thus, : and, in the later language,  (such cases are wanting earlier). In a few instances, a short vowel adds