Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/372

 d. A considerable number, some of them very common ones, of roots in (which, against ordinary rule, becomes  before the suffix: 157 b). The forms are: (also ), ?,  (also  and ),  (√ find: also ),  (√ fall),  (also ),  (√),  (√),. And food, in spite of its different accent, appears to be a like formation from √ eat.

958. The native grammarians reckon as participles of this formation a few miscellaneous derivative adjectives, coming from roots which do not make a regular participle: such are burnt,  emaciated,  ripe,  expanded,  dry.

959. From the past passive participle, of whatever formation, is made, by adding the possessive suffix वन्त्, a secondary derivative having the meaning and construction of a perfect active participle: for example, तत् कृतवान् having done that;  having swallowed him down. Its inflection is like that of other derivatives made with this suffix (452 ff.); its feminine ends in वती ; its accent remains on the participle.

960. Derivative words of this formation are found in RV., but without anything like a participial value. The AV. has a single example, with participial meaning: one's guest having eaten (loc. abs.). In the Brāhmaṇas also it is hardly met with. In the later language, however, it comes to be quite common. And there it is chiefly used predicatively, and oftenest without copula expressed, or with the value of a personal verb-form in a past tense: primarily, and not seldom, signifying immediate past, or having a true "perfect" value; but also (like the old perfect and the old aorist in later use) coming to be freely used for indefinite time, or with the value of the imperfect (779). For example: no one has seen (or saw) me;  he destroyed the ichneumon; or, with copula,  thou hast fallen upon great misery. Although originally and properly made only from transitive verbs (with an object, to which the participle in stands in the relation of an objective predicate), it is finally found also from intransitives: thus,  (Ç.) has become united with the mango-tree;  (ib.) she has gone.

a. The same participle is also made in the secondary conjugations: e. g. having shown,  having awakened.