Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/37

 with the simple signs and with the above rules of combination will not enable the student readily to analyse and explain.

A sign called the (separator) — namely ऽ — is occasionally used in the manuscripts, sometimes in the manner of a hyphen, sometimes as a mark of hiatus, sometimes to mark the elision of initial अ  after final ए  or ओ  (135). In printed texts, especially European, it is ordinarily applied to the use last mentioned, and to that alone: thus, ते ऽब्रुवन्, सो ऽब्रवीत् , for ,.

If the elided initial-vowel is nasal, and has the -sign (70, 71) written above, this is usually and more properly transferred to the eliding vowel; but sometimes it is written instead over the -sign: thus, for, from , either सों ऽशुमान् or सो ऽंशुमान्.

The sign ॰ is used in place of something that is omitted, and to be understood from the connection: thus, वीरसेनसुतस् ॰तम् ॰तेन.

Signs of punctuation are । and ॥.

At the end of a verse, a paragraph, or the like, the latter of them is ordinarily written twice, with the figure of enumeration between: thus, ॥२०॥.

The numeral figures are


 * १ 1, २ 2, ३ 3, ४ 4, ५ 5, ६ 6, ७ 7, ८ 8, ९ 9, ० 0.

In combination, to express larger numbers, they are used in precisely the same way as European digits: thus, २५ 25, ६३० 630, ७००० 7000, १८९४ 1894.

The Hindu grammarians call the different sounds, and the characters representing them, by a (maker) added to the sound of the letter, if a vowel, or to the letter followed by, if a consonant. Thus, the sound or character is called ;  is ; and so on. But the is also omitted, and, etc. are used alone. The, however, is not called , but only , or snarl: the sole example of a specific name for an alphabetic element of its class. The and  are also known by these names alone.