Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/361

 ], while has both forms ( and ); — in,  shine,  clothe [also ], while  dwell has both forms; — in , , ,  [also ], while , and  have both forms.

e. In the older language, a majority (about five ninths) of simple roots add the without auxiliary ; of the futures occurring in the later language only, nearly three quarters have the, this being generally taken by any root of late origin and derivative character — as it is also uniformly taken in secondary conjugation (1019, 1036, 1050, 1068).

936. As the root is strengthened to form the stem of this future, so, of a root that has a stronger and a weaker form, the stronger form is used: thus, from √ or bind,  or.

a. By an irregular strengthening, (beside ) is made from √ be lost, and  (beside ) from √ sink.

b. But a few roots make future-stems in the later language without strengthening: thus, (also TS.),  (also ),  (√ or ),  (939 b), ; and √ makes  from the weaker form.

c. The ÇB. has once the monstrous form, made upon the present-stem (697) of √ attain. And the later language makes and  from the present-stems of √ and √. Compare further etc., 935 c. Also  from √ (beside ) appears to be of similar character.

d. A number of roots with medial strengthen it to  (241): thus,  (beside ),  (beside ), and  (beside ); and √ forms  (beside ).

e. The root (also its doublet ) takes  instead of, as it does also in the aorist and elsewhere.

937. This future is comparatively rare in the oldest language — in part, apparently, because the uses of a future are to a large extent answered by subjunctive forms — but becomes more and more common later. Thus, the RV. has only seventeen occurrences of personal forms, from nine different roots (with participles from six additional roots); the AV. has fifty occurrences, from twenty-five roots (with participles from seven more); but the TS. has occurrences (personal forms and participles together) from over sixty roots; and forms from more than a hundred and fifty roots are quotable from the older texts.

938. Mode-forms of the future are of the utmost rarity. The only example in the older language is, 2d sing. subj. act., occurring once (or twice) in RV. (AB. has once, and GB. has , but they are doubtless false